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(SLU) PHARMA 113L > ACTIVITY 6: VID LEC NI MAAM > Flashcards

ACTIVITY 6: VID LEC NI MAAM Flashcards

1
Q

“_______”- plants

Deals with the process associated with plant life and the chemical compounds produced by plants

A

phyto
Phytochemistry

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2
Q
  • organic
  • “biosynthesized by plants using various metabolic pathways

In the pharmaceutical perspective:
*Active constituents
*Inactive constituents

A

Plant Constituent
Phytoconstituent
Phytochemicals

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3
Q

________ Metabolite

  • biosynthesized by plants and are essential for the plant’s life
  • generally do not possess therapeutic activity
  • Human relevance: food/nutrition
  • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
A

Primary metabolite

“Inactive Constituent”

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4
Q

_________ Metabolite

  • biosynthesized from primary
    metabolites
  • generally possess therapeutic activity
A

Secondary metabolite

“Active Constituent” or Active Principle

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5
Q
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

❖ polyhydroxycarbonyl compounds from photosynthesis

  • storage and transport of energy

❖cell wall synthesis

  • constituent of various secondary metabolites

3 categories

A

“Carbohydrates”

3 categories
A. Monosaccharides (true sugars)
B. Oligosaccharides (true sugars)
C. Polysaccharides (non-sugars)

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6
Q
  • Simplest sugar molecules
  • Crystalline
  • Water soluble
  • Optically active
  • Exist in more than one isomeric form
  • According to the number of carbon atoms present (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose)
  • According to the presence of carbonyl group (aldose, ketose)

Aldose: _________, __________
Ketose: _________

A

A. Monosaccharides

Aldose (aldehyde): glucose, galactose

Ketose (ketone): fructose

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7
Q
  • Formed from 2-10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds
  • Can be hydrolysed
  • common oligosaccharide: ___________
A

B. Oligosaccharides

reducing & non-reducing

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8
Q
  • can act as reducing agents due to the presence of free aldehyde or ketone groups
  • include all monosaccharides and some disaccharides

_______ and _______ are also reducing sugars and give a positive Benedict test

A

“Reducing sugars”

Lactose and Maltose

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9
Q
  • cannot act as reducing agents
  • absence of free aldehyde or ketone group
  • some disaccharides and all
    polysaccharides

________ is a non-reducing sugar

A

“Non-reducing sugars”

Sucrose

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10
Q
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose

-Lactulose

A

Oligosaccharides: Examples

  • Sucrose (Beta vulgaris, Saccharum officinarum)
  • Lactose (*Milk - Bos taurus)
  • Maltose (Tritichum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare)

Lactulose (Synthetic)

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11
Q
  • High molecular weight polymers
  • Non-sugar carbohydrates
  • Do not have sweet taste
  • Insoluble in water or form colloidal solutions

2 categories

A

“Polysaccharides”

2 categories:
1. homoglycans
2. heteroglycans

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12
Q

_________: made up of same sugar molecules

  • ______ (glucose units)
  • corn (Zea mays)
  • ______ (glucose units)
  • cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
A

“Homoglycans”

  • Starch (glucose units)
  • corn (Zea mays)
  • Cellulose (glucose units)
  • cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
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13
Q

___________: made up of sugar molecules and non-sugar moiety (sugar acids)

  • ______ (arabinose/galactose/ glucose/ mannose/ xylose + glucuronic acidor galacto-uronic acid)
  • ______ (Acacia senegal)
  • ______ (galactose/arabinose + uronic acids)
  • _______ (Aloe vera)
  • ______ (galactose/ arabinose + galacto-uronic acid)
  • from ______(Malus pumila)
A

“Heteroglycans”

  • Gum (arabinose/galactose/ glucose/ mannose/ xylose + glucuronic acidor galacto-uronic acid)
  • Acacia gum (Acacia senegal)
  • Mucilage (galactose/arabinose + uronic acids)
  • Aloe mucilage (Aloe vera)
  • Pectin (galactose/ arabinose + galacto-uronic acid)
  • from apple (Malus pumila)
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14
Q
  • esters of fatty acids and alcohols or polyols
  • hydrolysis: fatty acid + alcohol
  • storage of energy, protect against dehydration, component of cell membranes can be:

■ ______: ______, ______
■ ______: ______, ______

A

“Lipids”

  • simple: triglycerides, waxes
  • compound: phospholipids and glycolipids
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15
Q

❖ ____________: long chain carboxylic acids

■ ________: lack double bonds in the carbon chain
- lauric, palmitic, myristic

■ ________: contain at least one double bond in the carbon chain
- oleic, linoleic, linolenic

A

“Fatty acids”

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
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16
Q

■ _______: Solid/semisolid triglycerides (at RT)
- primarily composed of saturated fatty acids, usually from animals

  • lard, tallow, butter, cocoa butter

■ _______: Liquid triglycerides (at RT)
- primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids, usually from plants

  • olive oil, sesame oil, canola oil, *cod liver oil
A
  • Fats
  • Oils
17
Q

❖ _______: Esters of fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols

■ Mostly found in leaves and fruits - waxy coating

examples
1. __________: leaves of Carnauba palm
- Copernicia prunifera

  1. __________: seeds of Jojoba plant,
    - Simmondsia chinensis
  2. __________: leaves of Candelilla shrubs
    - Euphorbia antisyphilitica
A

“Waxes”

  1. Carnauba wax
  2. Jojoba wax
  3. Candelilla wax
18
Q
  • Main constituent of cell membranes
  • Glycerol or sphingosine + fatty acids + phosphoric acid
A

“Phospholipids”

19
Q
  • organic compounds made up of amino acids
  • __________
  • Phe, Val, Thr, Try, Iso, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
  • __________
  • Ala, Asp, Glu, Asp, Ser
  • __________
  • Cys, Arg, Glu, Gly, Pro, Tyr
  • plant proteins contain less content of the sulfur-containing amino acids
  • play various enzymatic, structural, and functional roles
  • storage of energy
A

“PROTEINS”

  1. ESSENTIAL
  2. NON-ESSENTIAL
  3. CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL
20
Q

Generally, proteins are classified as:

  1. ____________: composed of amino acids
    - Globulins, protamines, histones
  2. ____________: amino acids + other structural elements
    - Chromoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins, glycoproteins
A
  1. Simple proteins
  2. Conjugate proteins
21
Q

Legumes and seeds are sources of plant proteins
* _________ (Glycine max)
* _________ (Phaseolus vulgaris)
* _________ (Cucurbita pepo)
* _________ (Salvia hispanica)

A
  • soybeans (Glycine max)
  • white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
  • pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo)
  • chia (Salvia hispanica)
22
Q
  • Major components of chromosomes of cells
  • Hydrolysis yields inorganic phosphate + 2-deoxyribose or ribose + heterocyclic base

*Heterocyclic bases
> ________: ______, ______
> ________: ______, ______, ______

Plant sources are vegetables and nuts

A

“NUCLEIC ACIDS”

> Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine, cytosine, uracil

(SLU) PHARMA 113L (10 decks)

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