ACTIVITY 1: Laboratory apparatus Flashcards
RAMP
Recognize the hazards
Assess the risks of the hazards
Minimize the risks of the hazards
Prepare for emergencies from uncontrolled hazards
Research:
Protects public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability
CDC
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention
Regulatory:
Environmental, safety, and health hazard
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Fire and building codes:
Reduces the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
Research:
Conducts research and recommends ways to prevent
injury and illness
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Regulatory:
Safety and health hazards in the workplace
OSHA
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
any source of potential damage or harm to an individual’s health or life under certain conditions, whether at work or in the home.
hazard
chance or probability of a person being harmed or experiencing an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard
risk
process of estimating the probability of harm from a hazard
(the severity of the hazard multiplied by the probability of exposure to the hazard) by
considering the process or the laboratory procedure that will be used with the hazard.
risk assessment
- an internationally adopted system for the classification and labeling of hazardous chemicals
- includes established criteria for
classifying hazards and for further categorizing (or rating) the hazards according to their relative risks - provides established language and symbols for each hazard class and each category within a class
Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
- This language includes a signal word, a symbol or pictogram, a hazard statement, and precautionary statements for safely using the chemical.
- the LOWER the number, the
GREATER the severity of the hazard - developed to identify to the user of a material both the hazards and the risks associated with chemicals.
Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
- developed a hazard identification system for emergency responders that is still in use today
- provides a quick visual representation of the health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and special hazards that a chemical may pose during a fire
blue
red
yellow
white
NFPA diamond
health hazard
flammability
reactivity
- designed to convey safety information to emergency first responders, such as fire fighters
- not designed to notify the
user of the hazards of chemicals in the laboratory setting
NFPA system
BLUE DIAMOND
health hazard
deadly
extreme danger
hazardous
slightly hazardous
normal material
RED DIAMOND
fire hazard
below 73*
below 100F
above 100F, not exceeding 200F
above 200
will not burn
YELLOW DIAMOND
reactivity
may detonate
shock and heat, may detonate
violent chemical change
unstable if heated
stable
WHITE DIAMOND
special hazard
ACID - acid
ALK - alkali
COR - corrosive
OXY - oxidizer
radioactive
use no water
Fire Triangle
oxygen
heat
fuel
Fire Tetrahedron
oxygen
heat
fuel
chemical reaction
Class of Fire
A
B
C
D
K
A - Fires involving ordinary combustibles, such as wood, paper, and some plastics
B - Fires involving flammable liquids, such as alcohols, lamp oils, or butane
C - Fires involving electrical components
D - Fires involving metals, such as aluminum or sodium
K - Fires involving cooking or animal oils, such as frying foods
Fires involving ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, plastics)
CLASS A
Fires involving flammable liquids (alcohols, lamp oils, or butane)
CLASS B
Fires involving electrical components
CLASS C
Fires involving metals (aluminum or sodium)
CLASS D
Fires involving cooking or animal oils (frying foods)
CLASS K
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
- Dry chemical (multipurpose)
- Water
- Foam
- Carbon dioxide (not to be used in confined areas)
- Halon
- Metal
- Potassium acetate
CLASS OF FIRE
- A, B, C
- A ONLY
- B ONLY
- B, C
- B, C
- D
- K
Dry chemical (multipurpose)
A, B, C
Water
A ONLY
FOAM
B ONLY
Carbon dioxide (not to be used in confined areas)
B, C
Halon
B, C
Metal
D
Potassium acetate
K
- formerly known as the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- provided by the manufacturer, distributor, or importer of a chemical to provide information about the substance and its use
- required to present the information in a uniform manner
answer this:
- provides standard language or “building blocks” for communi
cating the hazards of chemicals in the SDS, just as on chemical labels. These “building
blocks” include the use of specific signal words, pictograms, hazard statements, and
precautionary statements.
safety data sheets
GHS
A chemical that causes an allergic reaction— that is, evokes an adverse immune response (could be a severe rash or respiratory distress).
allergen (sensitizer)
A gas or vapor that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation due to lack of oxygen.
asyphixiant
temperature at or above which a substance will spontaneously ignite or catch fire without a spark or flame
Autoignition temperature
substance that is capable of causing cancer
carcinogen
highly reactive substance that causes obvious damage to living tissue by chemical action.
Examples of corrosive substances are strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizing agents.
corrosive
Direct contact with a hazard or chemical in a way that causes injury or harm
Exposure
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
inhalation
ingestion
dermal
injection
Chemicals in the form of gases, vapors, mists, fumes, and dusts can enter through the nose or mouth and be absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
inhalation
Chemicals can enter the body through the mouth and be swallowed.
They may be absorbed into the bloodstream anywhere along the length of the gastrointestinal tract
ingestion
Although the skin is a good barrier to many substances, some chemicals can be absorbed
through the skin, enter the bloodstream, and be carried throughout the body
dermal
While uncommon in most workplaces, exposure to a chemical can occur when a sharp object (e .g ., a needle or broken glass) punctures the skin and injects a chemical directly into the bloodstream
injection
The established concentration of a chemical that most people could be exposed to in a typical day without experiencing adverse effects.
- help in understanding the relative risks of chemicals.
exposure limit
TYPES OF EXPOSURE LIMITS
permissible exposure limit (PEL)
threshold limit value (TLV)
immediate danger to life or health (IDLH)
Specifies the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical to which a worker may be exposed. It can be established in one of two ways:
1. __________: At no time should this exposure limit be
exceeded .
2. _________: An average value
of exposure over the course of an 8-hour work shift
PEL
permissible exposure limit
- Ceiling values
- 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
Denotes the level of exposure that nearly all workers can
experience without an unreasonable risk of disease or injury
Defined as ceiling limits, short-term exposure limits (STEL),
and TWAs
It should be noted that these are only advisory limits and not enforceable by law. These may be the same as PELs .
TLV
threshold limit value
Specifies a level of exposure that is immediately dangerous
to life and/or health
IDLH
Immediate danger to life or health
substance that enters the maternal and placental circulation and causes injury or death to the fetus.
fetotoxicant
- A substance that easily catches fire.
- this is one that has a flash point at or above 73 °F (23 °C) and below 140 °F (60 °C).
- A highly flammable substance has a flash point below 73 °F (23°C) and an initial boiling point above 95 °F (35 °C).
- An extremely flammable substance has a flash point below 73 °F (23 °C) and an initial boiling point below 95 °F (35°C).
flammable
The lowest temperature at which a liquid or solid can produce a vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture in the air.
The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material.
flash point
substance capable of changing genetic material in a cell and thus increasing the frequency of mutations.
mutagen
An unexpected event in which the rate of reaction increases significantly, resulting in a significant increase in temperature.
The increase in temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase, further increasing the rate and tending to create an uncontrolled, often heat-producing, reaction.
runaway reaction
agent that can cause non-inheritable genetic mutations or malformations of an embryo or fetus.
The agent can be a chemical substance, virus, or ionizing radiation.
teratogen
Any substance that has the capacity to produce personal injury or illness to humans through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through anybody surface, as defined by Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) regulation.
toxic
The adverse effects of a substance resulting from a single exposure or multiple exposures over a very short time span (less than 24 hours).
Acute toxicity is usually determined by exposing animals to a given chemical to determine the lethal dose, 50% (LD50).
This is an experimental measure determined by administering varied doses of a chemical by some route to animals, observing the percentage lethality at these doses, and extrapolating to estimate the dose that would kill 50% of the animals.
acute toxicity
EXAMPLES OF ACUTE TOXICANTS
asphyxiant
irritant
neurotoxicant
organ toxicant
sensitizer/allergen
teratogen or fetotoxicant
A gas or vapor that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation due to lack of oxygen
ASPHYXIANT
Carbon monoxide, methane,
hydrogen sulfide
noncorrosive chemical that causes reversible inflammation at the point of contact with the skin
IRRITANT
Acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate,
sodium carbonate
A chemical that interferes with the peripheral and central nervous systems
NEUROTOXICANT
Mercury, lead, acetone, carbon disulfide
A chemical that adversely affects one or more organs or body systems
ORGAN TOXICANT
Toluene, carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, chlorine
chemical that produces its effects by evoking an adverse response in the body’s immune system
SENSITIZER/ALLERGEN
formaldehyde, latex
adversely affects the embryo or fetus
TERATOGEN OR FETOTOXICANT
ethanol, ethylene oxide, mercury compounds
Adverse effects resulting from long-term exposure, usually at lower levels, to a substance.
chronic toxicity
EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC TOXICANTS
Carcinogen - Ethylene oxide, Cr(VI) formaldehyde, arsenic
Neurotoxicant - Carbon disulfide, hexane, lead, nicotine, arsenic
Organ toxicant - Mercury, ethanol, beryllium, chloroform
Ethylene oxide, Cr(VI), formaldehyde, arsenic
carcinogen
Carbon disulfide, hexane, lead, nicotine, arsenic
neurotoxicant
Mercury, ethanol, beryllium, chloroform
organ toxicant
combinations of substances, usually in concentrated form, that react with each other
to produce very exothermic reactions that can be violent and explosive and/or can
release toxic substances, usually as gases.
Incompatible Chemicals
hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
acetic acid, phosphoric
acid
sodium
hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, ammonia
Due to their corrosive nature, they can irritate or even burn the
eyes, irritate the skin, and cause respiratory distress
ACID
BASES
chemicals or organisms that increase the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs.
They have the ability to adversely
affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively
mild, allergic reactions to serious medical conditions, even death.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Helium, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, oxygen
not common in the pre-college setting .
compressed gas
Acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
Bases: NaOH, KOH, NH4OH
Gases: NO2, NH3
Oxidizing agents: H2O2, KMnO4, HNO3
can cause severe burns on contact
corrosives
Dry ice (solid CO2), liquid nitrogen
chemicals stored at very low temperatures
should be handled with special cryogenic gloves
cryogenics
Hot plates, magnetic
stirrers, any equipment
plugged into an
electrical outlet
can cause electric shock, electrocution, burns, fires, and even explosions .
electrical hazards
Acetone, ethanol,
ethyl acetate, hexane,
methanol
most commonly used in the laboratory as solvents .
flammable
Fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine
These elements are highly reactive, toxic, corrosive, and capable of irritating the skin .
fluorine
Hexane, pentane,
petroleum ether,
acetone, methanol,
ethanol
- combustible or flammable and can irritate the skin
- Used in a confined space, they can cause asphyxiation .
- should always be used in a well-ventilated area or hood, and
away from any open flames
Hydrocarbons and volatile organic
compounds
Mercury-in-glass
thermometers and
barometers
serious chronic health hazard
Although it is not readily absorbed through the skin, its greatest health hazard is due to inhalation of its vapors, usually as a result of a spill
mercury
Oxidizing agents: chlorates, chromates, dichromates, hypochlorites, nitrates, nitric acid, nitrites, perchlorates, permanganates, peroxides
Reducing agents: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide
- substance that causes oxidation, or the loss of electrons from an atom, compound, or molecule
- substance that causes reduction, or the gain of electrons .
Oxidation and reduction always occur together
Oxidizing agents/oxidizers
and reducing agents
Common peroxides: hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
Peroxide-forming
substances to avoid: ethers, alkenes, secondary alcohols, ketones, alkali metals
- These are a group of chemicals that have an oxygen-to-oxygen
bond (R–O–O–R) - decompose violently
peroxides
White phosphorus, alkali metals and their compounds
- readily ignite and burn in air
spontaneously
pyrophorics
