ACT 11 Flashcards
are organic derivatives of water, but they have two organic groups bonded to the same oxygen atom rather than one
the organic groups might be:
⮚alkyl,
⮚aryl, or
⮚vinylic, and
⮚the oxygen atom might be in an open chain or a ring
ethers
- The boiling points of ethers are ________ to those of alkanes of comparable molecular mass and are much ______ than those of alcohols of comparable molecular mass.
- Ether oxygen atoms have NO hydrogen atom attached directly to them unlike ROH.
- similar
- lower
⮚________ in water than alkanes of similar molecular mass because ether molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with water
⮚ have water solubilities similar to those of alcohols of the same molecular mass
⮚ _________ substances tend to be more soluble in ethers than in alcohols because ethers have no hydrogen-bonding network that has to be broken up for solubility to occur
- more soluble
- Non-polar
Volatile nature of ether:
⮚Ethers are the isomeric products of a _______ alcohol
⮚ The molecules are held together by ______ intermolecular forces
- monohydric
- weak
C1-C2
C1-C4
- GAS
- liquid
Chemical Properties
- Resemble hydrocarbons in their resistance to chemical reaction.
⮚ For example, they do NOT react with oxidizing agents, such as _____________
- Likewise, they do not react with reducing agents such as ____ in the presence of a __________
⮚Furthermore, most acids and bases at moderate temperatures do NOT affect them.
- potassium dichromate
- H2; metal catalyst
- Ethers are flammable.
⮚ Special care must be exercised in laboratories where ethers are used.
⮚ ________, whose boiling point of ___ is only a few degrees above room temperature, is a particular flashfire hazard.
- React slowly with oxygen from the air to form unstable _______ & _______
⮚ Such compounds, when concentrated, represent an explosion hazard and must be removed before stored ethers are used.
- Diethyl ether
- 35°C
- hydroperoxides and peroxides
A chemical reaction for the preparation of ethers that was previously considered is the __________________ of a primary alcohol which will produce an ether.
alcohol + alcohol, heated = ether + water
- intermolecular dehydration
A. Medical and Commercial Uses
- Solvents (2)
Because of their general inertness to chemical reaction and their good solvent properties, ethers are ___________ in which to carry out many organic reactions.
Their relatively ____ boiling points simplify their separation from the reaction products.
- Diethyl ether
- tetrahydrofuran
- excellent solvents
- low B
- Anesthetics
⮚ In 1846 ________ reported the first use of __________ as a volatile inhaled agent to produce surgical anesthesia.
- This was followed by the introduction of ________, ________, & ______ in the 1950s.
⮚ Although neither ________ or ________ are in widespread clinical use today, they served as the structural templates for synthetic manipulations that have produced today’s potent congeners
⮚ The volatile anesthetics in common clinical use are either ___________ or ____________
- William Morton
- diethyl ether
- chloroform
- nitrous oxide
- halogenated hydrocarbons
- diethyl ether or chloroform
- halogen-substituted ethers or extensively halogenated alkanes.
DIETHYL ETHER
ADVANTAGES:
*Easy administration, less danger of overdose since there is a large gap between the effective level for anesthesia and the lethal dose and readily made in pure form and causes excellent muscle relaxation
DISADVANTAGES:
*nausea and irritation of respiratory passage and highly flammable substance, forming explosive mixtures with air
- less flammable
- better anesthetic properties and have more fluorine atoms and fewer chlorine atoms
- anesthesia can be achieved in less than 10 minutes
- with an inhaled concentration of 3% in oxygen
HALOGENATED ETHERS
⮚ used to make perfumes, flavorings and as a solvent
⮚ AKA _________, __________
⮚ the anti-oxidant BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole) is the derivative of anisole
- methoxybenzene
- methyl phenyl ether
SIMPLEST AROMATIC ETHER ANISOLE
