ACID CHLORIDES, ACID ANHYDRIDES and ESTERS

Question 1

An ____________ is a carboxylic acid derivative in which the —OH portion of the carboxyl group has been replaced with a —Cl atom

Answer 1

acid chloride

Question 2

Rule 1 in IUPAC naming: Replace the -ic acid ending of the common name of the parent carboxylic acid with _________________

Answer 2

-yl chloride.

Question 3

Rule 2: Replace the -oic acid ending ofthe IUPAC name of the parent carboxylic acid with _________________

Answer 3

-oyl chloride.

Question 4

Preparation of an acid chloride from its parent carboxylic acid involves reacting the acid with one of several __________________ (PCl3, PCl5, or SOCl2).

Answer 4

inorganic chlorides

Question 5

Acid chlorides react rapidly with water, in a __________________, to regenerate the parent carboxylic acid.

Answer 5

hydrolysis reaction

Question 6

Acid chlorides are useful starting materials for the synthesis of other carboxylic acid derivatives, particularly ___________________

Answer 6

esters and amides.

Question 7

Synthesis of esters and amides using acid chlorides is a __________________ than ester and amide synthesis using a carboxylic acid.

Answer 7

more efficient process

Question 8

Structurally, acid anhydrides can be visualized as two carboxylic acid molecules bonded together after the removal of a _______________ from the acid molecules.

Answer 8

water molecule

Question 9

Symmetrical acid anhydrides both R groups are the same) are named by replacing the acid ending of the parent carboxylic acid name with the word ____________.

Answer 9

anhydride

Question 10

Mixed acid anhydrides (different R groups present) are named by using the names of the_____________________________ (in alphabetic order) followed by the word anhydride.

Answer 10

individual parent carboxylic acids

Question 11

In general, acid anhydrides cannot be formed by directly reacting the parent carboxylic acids together. Instead, an acid chloride is reacted with a ________________ to produce the acid anhydride.

Answer 11

carboxylate ion

Question 12

Acid anhydrides and acid chlorides cannot exist in ________________

Answer 12

biological systems

Question 13

acid chlorides and acid anhydride undergo _______________ to regenerate the parent carboxylic acids.

Answer 13

hydrolysis

Question 14

Reaction of an alcohol with an acid anhydride is a useful method for synthesizing _________________.

Answer 14

esters

Question 15

Inorganic acids such as _________, __________, __________ react with alcohols to form esters in a manner similar to that for carboxylic acids.

Answer 15

Sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids

Question 16

A ______________ an organic compound formed by reaction of an alcohol with phosphoric acid.

Answer 16

phosphate ester is

Question 17

Three biologically important phosphoric acids exist:

Answer 17

Phosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid.

Question 18

_______________, the simplest of the three acids, undergoes intermolecular dehydration to produce diphosphoric acid.

Answer 18

Phosphoric acid

Question 19

Phosphoric acid, the simplest of the three acids, undergoes ________________ to produce diphosphoric acid.

Answer 19

intermolecular dehydration

Question 20

Another intermolecular dehydration involves diphosphoric acid and phosphoric acid can produce ____________

Answer 20

triphosphoric acid

Question 21

All three phosphoric acids undergo ___________________ reactions with alcohols, producing species.

Answer 21

esterification

Question 22

All three phosphoric acids undergo esterification reactions with alcohols, producing species such as:

Answer 22

diphosphate monoester and triphosphate monoester