ACE O4 Programming for Special Populations

Question 1

Programming for low-risk, stable CAD clients

Answer 1

One set of 12-15 rep, 8-10 exercises that target major muscle groups, twice a week.
Heart rate should not exceed the training targets or RPE 11-14 (6 to 20 scale).

Question 2

How common is high blood pressure in U.S.?

SBP >= 140, DBP >=90 mmHg

Answer 2

one in 3 US adults

Question 3

Results of regular exercise for high blood pressure clients

Answer 3

Regularly performing 150 mins of exercise per week has consistently been shown to reduce SBP by an average of 2 to 6 mmHg

Question 4

Programming for prehypertensive and hypertensive individusl

Answer 4

30 mins or more regular exercise at least 5 days each week.
Avoid isometric exercise and inverted positions (heard below level of the heart)
Exercise should be discontinued if SBP or DBP rise to 250 mmHg or 115 mmHg.

Question 5

Exercise to avoid for PVD clients

Answer 5

Avoid exercise in cold air or water to reduce the risk of vasoconstriction.

PVD - Peripheral vascular disease

Question 6

Results of regular exercise for Dyslipidemia clients

Answer 6

Aerobic exercise may reduce LDL cholesterol by 3.0 to 6.0 mg.dL on average

Moderate intensity resistance training (70% 1-RM, 3 days/ week, 9 exercises performed for 3 sets and 11 rep) may reduce LDL cholesterol, TG and non-HDL cholesterol by 6mg/dL to 9 mg/dL on average and has no effect on HDL cholesterol.

Optimal LDL <100 mg/dL

Question 7

Diabetes client fasting blood glucose level

Answer 7

> = 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes

FPG between 100 to 125 mg/dL signals prediabetes

Question 8

Exercise guidelines for diabetes

Answer 8

If pre-exercise blood glucose level is below 100 mg/dL, delay session.

If pre-exercise blood glucose is greated than 300 mg/dL or greater than 250 mg/dL with the presence of ketosis, exercise should be curtailed.

Question 9

What BMI of a client would be defined as obese?

Answer 9

BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 - overweight

>=30 is obese

Question 10

What type of exercise is preferred for training older adults in weightbearing, functional positions?

Answer 10

chair-seated work

aquatic exercise - good for arthritis

land-based training more preferable for osteoporosis for increasing bone mineral density

Question 11

Why flexibility decline in children going to adolescence?

Answer 11

bones grow much faster than the muscles stretch. Consequently, there is an increase in musculotendinous tightness at the joins.

prolonged sitting in school. most individuals sit with the pelvis in a posteriorly tilted position causing hamstrings to become slack.

Question 12

Which form of mind-body exercise is BEST described as a form of moving meditation?

Answer 12

Tai chi

Why?

Tai chi, the martial art derivative of qigong, is best described as a moving meditation.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 483

Question 13

Which type of yoga program is BEST suited for individuals who are new to yoga?

Answer 13

Restorative yoga

Why?

This style of hatha yoga is perhaps most appropriate for those who are just embarking on a yoga program because of the use of props and the elementary nature of the poses.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 489

Question 14

Which type of yoga is also known as “power yoga”?

Answer 14

Ashtanga yoga

Why?

The asanas in Ashtanga yoga are sequenced in groups of poses that range from moderate to very difficult. The sequence pace and pose difficulty is what often characterizes Ashtanga as “power yoga.”

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 492

Question 15

Which term, also the name of a type of yoga, is synonymous with what is also called “serpent power,” or the coiled-up energy contained in the body?

Answer 15

Kundalini

Why?

Also called the yoga of awareness, kundalini yoga’s principal purpose is to awaken the serpent power (kundalini, or coiled-up energy) with postures, breath control, chanting, and meditation.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 493

Question 16

Which form of tai chi is the most practiced in the West today?

Answer 16

Yang style

Why?

Originated by Yang Luchan in the 1800s, the Yang form is the most widely practiced form in the West today. The original Yang form consists of 108 movements (Yang Long Form); however, the Yang 24-Short Form is a popular modification practiced today.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 496

Question 17

An older adult client who is interested in trying mind-body exercise has decided that tai chi might be the best fit for her needs and abilities. Which form of tai chi would you recommend?

Answer 17

Sun style

Why?

Because the sun style involves a higher stance than other forms, it is often the easiest for older adults to learn.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 497

Question 18

Which contemporary form of mind-body exercise involves floor work and as well as work done on a machine called a reformer?

Answer 18

Pilates

Why?

Pilates is based on the idea that there is a core set of postural muscles that help to keep the body balanced and are essential to providing good support to the spine. This method is divided into two modalities, floor/mat work and work on a Reformer, a piece of resistance equipment originally developed by Joseph H. Pilates.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 497-498

Question 19

Which contemporary form of mind-body exercise includes a moderate-level aerobic component that fosters spontaneity?

Answer 19

Nia

Why?

Unlike other mind-body exercise programs, Nia also includes a moderate-level aerobic component to address cardiorespiratory endurance. The aerobic segment is designed to foster creativity and spontaneity rather than strict adherence to standard group movement patterns.

Question 20

One of the means of objectively assessing the success of a mind-body exercise program is to record baseline and serial blood-pressure measurements.

Answer 20

TRUE

Why?

Baseline and serial resting blood pressure measurement is also an accepted outcome measure responsive to four to six weeks of mind-body exercise-especially if the participant has a resting blood pressure in the prehypertension or higher range (i.e., >120/80 mmHg).

Question 21

__________ is the practice of voluntary breath control, consisting of conscious inhalation, retention, and exhalation.

Answer 21

Pranayama

Why?

In the yogic and qigong traditions, breathing functions as an intermediary between the mind and body. Pranayama (the practice of voluntary breath control, consisting of conscious inhalation, retention, and exhalation) is often practiced in conjunction with meditation and yoga asanas but can stand by itself as an important mind-body exercise method.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 493

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a common manifestation of atherosclerosis?

Answer 22

Arrhythmias

Why?

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of cerebral and peripheral vascular diseases. Manifestations of atherosclerosis include angina, heart attack, stroke, and intermittent claudication.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 516

Question 23

During a workout, you notice that a client displays a sudden lack of coordination and balance and, when asked, reports trouble seeing. What is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?

Answer 23

Stroke

Why?

The warning signs of a stroke are as follows:

Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arms, or legsSudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding othersSudden trouble seeing in one or both eyesSudden walking problems, dizziness, or loss of balance and coordinationSudden severe headache with no known cause
ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 520

Question 24

A client’s physician provides the following guideline regarding the intensity of exercise for a new client: “An RPE of 11 to 16 (6 to 20 scale) is the preferred exercise intensity.” With which condition is this client MOST likely coping?

Answer 24

Type 2 diabetes

Why?

Individuals with type 2 diabetes can exercise at a moderate intensity of 11 to 16 on the 6 to 20 ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. The other three options all require a light to moderate intensity of 9 to 13 on the RPE scale.

ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 530

Question 25

A male client brings a form from his primary care physician reporting the following test results: Waist circumference: 41 inchesTriglycerides: 140 mg/dLHDL cholesterol: 38 mg/dLBlood pressure: 128/80 mmHgFasting blood glucose: 93 mg/dL This client currently has the metabolic syndrome.

Answer 25

FALSE Why? The metabolic syndrome is defined as the presence of three or more of the following components: Elevated waist circumference: Men >40 inches (102 cm) Women >35 inches (88 cm)Elevated triglycerides: >150 mg/dLReduced HDL cholesterol: MenElevated blood pressure: >130/85 mmHgElevated fasting blood glucose: >100 mg/dL This client has only two of these components (elevated waist circumference and reduced HDL cholesterol). ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 530

Question 26

A client's physician provides the following guideline regarding the mode of exercise for a new client: "Swimming is the recommended mode of exercise; upper-body resistance-training exercises are not appropriate." With which of the following conditions is this client MOST likely coping?

Answer 26

Asthma Why? Swimming may be particularly beneficial for individuals with asthma because it allows them to inhale the moist air just above the surface of the water. For some clients with asthma, upper-body exercises such as arm cranking, rowing, and cross-country skiing may not be appropriate because of the higher ventilation demands. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 532-534

Question 27

Weightbearing and resistance-training activities are MOST important for clients with which of the following diseases or disorders?

Answer 27

Osteoporosis Why? For clients with osteoporosis, the mechanical stress associated with weightbearing or resistance-training activities produces strain on bone tissue and stimulates bone deposition and resulting gains in bone mass and strength. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 537-539

Question 28

For clients with which of the following diseases or disorders is it MOST important to develop a "regular" pattern of activity that does not result in post-activity malaise?

Answer 28

Chronic fatigue syndrome Why? When working with clients with CFS, the goal is to develop a "regular" pattern of activity that does not result in post-activity malaise. Low-intensity exercise is recommended. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 545-547

Question 29

How often should low-back exercises be performed in order to yield the maximum benefit?

Answer 29

7 days/week Why? While there is a common belief that exercise sessions should be performed at least three times per week, it appears that low-back exercises have the most beneficial effect when performed daily. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 548-550

Question 30

When programming exercise to help a client reduce low-back pain, it is most important to focus on muscular strength, as opposed to muscular endurance.

Answer 30

FALSE Why? Low-back exercises performed for maintenance of health need not emphasize strength; rather, more repetitions of less-demanding exercises will assist in the enhancement of endurance and strength. Given that endurance has more protective value than strength, strength gains should not be overemphasized at the expense of endurance. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 5th ed., p. 549-550

Question 31

Overweight or obese clients who are seeking to lose weight should perform a MINIMUM of _____ minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week.

Answer 31

150 Why? Individuals seeking weight loss should include exercise as a key component of their programs, and overweight and obese adults should accumulate more than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week, and when possible, more than 225 minutes per week.