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Parasitology > Acanthocephalans And Protozoa > Flashcards

Acanthocephalans And Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the morphology of the acanthocephala

A

Long cylindrical nose with retractable probiscus. Probiscis is covered in spines which allows attachment organelles.
Has males and females.
Absorb nutrients by their body surface

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2
Q

How many eggs are laid by an adult acanthocephala per day

A

1/4 million per day

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3
Q

Describe the egg of the acanthocephalan

A

Contains a larval form. Unique shape with three shells.

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4
Q

Describe the lifecycle of the acanthocephalan

A

Ingestion of egg by arthropod intermediate host. Egg hatches in the intermediate host and develops into a stage with an inverted proboscis (acanthella). The intermediate host is ingested and the proboscis everts which allows for attachment to the intestine

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5
Q

What is the oncicola canis

A

Lives in small intestine, the proboscis can perforate the intestinal wall and cause peritonitis.

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6
Q

What is the intermediate host for oncicola canis

A

Dung beetle

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7
Q

How do you diagnose oncicola canis

A

Fecal flotation.

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8
Q

Describe protozoa

A

Most protozoa are free living organisms that are Uni cellular and motile. Mostly microscopic and into forms a cyst or a trophozoite

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9
Q

How are protozoans classed in their phylla

A 
Based on their movement style:
Flagellates
Amoebae
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
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10
Q

Describe flagellates

A

May come in two forms. At least one flagellum in the trophozoites form which allows for movement. They live in liquid: blood, lymph, CSF. Tear drop and pear shaped.

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11
Q

What are some flagellate pathogens

A

Trichomonas
Giardia
Trypanosoma

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12
Q

How do amoeba move

A

By pseudopods

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13
Q

What are the two forms that amoebas come in

A

Trophozoite form and cystic form

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14
Q

What is an example of an amoeba pathogen

A

Entamoeba histolytica: causes dysentery

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15
Q

What does it mean if you see two nucleus in a cystic form of an amoeba

A

It is immature. Four nucleus is the adult

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16
Q

What are ciliates

A

Covered by cilia. Creates their movement and the dart and twirl.

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17
Q

What are the two types of nuclei in ciliates

A

Macro and micro

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18
Q

What are APicomplexans

A

Important cost in veterinary medicine do to their complicated lifestyles. Banana or boomerang shape

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19
Q

What are some examples of apicomplexans

A

Toxoplasma, plasmodium (malaria), eimeria (coccidiosis in LG animals), cystoisospora, cryptosporidium

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20
Q

Describe the phylum acanthocephala

A

Thorny headed worm. Most marine and freshwater fish, aquatic birds. In the small intestine

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21
Q

What are some general facts about giardia ?

A

Infect 41 species.
Direct cycle
Occur in two forms

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22
Q

Where is giardia located

A

In the intestinal mucosa and may or may not cause physical damage

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23
Q

What are the two forms of giardia

A

Trophozoites and cysts

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24
Q

Describe the cyst form of giardia

A

Contain 4 nuclei.

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25
Q

What is characteristic of an animal affected with giardia

A

Greasy, white, mucus due to lypolosis

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26
Q

What is the pathology of giardia

A

Compete with host for food. Irritates intestinal cells by its adhesive disk and interferes mechanically with nutrient absorption. Causes excessive mucus production. Secretes toxins that interfere with enzymatic activity.

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27
Q

Describe the giardia life cycle

A

Cysts are ingested
Cause excystation in duodenum
Drop off mucosal surface and encyst and is immediately infective

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28
Q

What is the PPP for giardia in dogs

A

6-8 days

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29
Q

What is the PPP for giardia in cats

A

1-2weeks

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30
Q

How many trophozoites are in one cyst

A

Two trophozoites

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31
Q

Describe the cysts of giardia

A

Survive in the environment for months. Resist freezing and bleach

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32
Q

How do you destroy giardia cysts

A

Boiling water

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33
Q

Describe the zoonotic potential of giardia

A

You can get it from cats and dogs but humans generally get it from other humans by drinking/eating food and water contaminated with cysts

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34
Q

How do you diagnose giardia

A

Through a fresh smear with saline and water. You will only see the form in fresh stool less than 30 mins old.

You can also do a floatation with zinc sulfate for giardia cysts.

35
Q

Why is it difficult to diagnose giardia

A

Because the trophozoites are rare and intermittently shed

36
Q

What is cystoisospora

A

Coccidia. Has a direct cycle and is an intracellular parasite of intestinal epithelium.

37
Q

What are the symptoms of coccidia

A

Asymptomatic or bloody/ mucus stools.

38
Q

What is the life cycle of cystoisospora

A

Oocytes are in feces

The Oocytes sporulate in the environment and after a few days the sporolated form is infectious.

39
Q

What is the PPP for cystoisospora

A

7 days

40
Q

How do you diagnose cystoisospora

A

Flotation

41
Q

How do we treat cystoisospora

A

By symptom. Immune system is working if it is asymptomatic

42
Q

Describe cryptosporidium

A

Direct cycle. It is coccidian like and not intracellular. It is on the surface of the intestinal epithelium.

43
Q

How do you develop cryptosporidium

A

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts

44
Q

What are th symptoms of cryptosporidium

A

Diarrhea

45
Q

How do you diagnose cryptosporidium

A

Elisa tests

Flotation or fresh smear and stains.

46
Q

Describe the Zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium

A

Water is the #1 mode of transmission.

Most frequent causes of waterborne disease among humans in the United States

47
Q

Describe sarcocystis

A

Indirect cycle. From ingestion of muscle of pigs, horses and ruminants. There are many species of sarcocystis and each has a different intermediate host.

48
Q

How do you diagnose sarcocystis

A

By fecal flotation.

49
Q

Who is the definitive host for toxoplasma gondii

A

The cat

50
Q

Who is the intermediate host for toxoplasma gondii

A

Humans and 300 others.

51
Q

Which animals have a higher resistance to toxoplasma gondii

A

Horses and cows

52
Q

Which animals are a high risk for toxoplasma gondii if you consume them

A

Chicken and lamb.

53
Q

What is the greatest source of infection with toxoplasma gondii

A

Uncooked meat and unpasteurized milk.

54
Q

Describe toxoplasmosis

A

Zoonosis but most cases are benign except for immunocompromised patients and pregnant patients.

55
Q

If you are seropositive for toxoplasma gondii what does that mean

A

You have been exposed and have antibodies.

56
Q

What is special about toxoplasma in terms of IH

A

Can be a direct or indirect life cycle

57
Q

What are the symptoms of toxoplasma gondii

A

Destroys cells and causes necrosis. Most infections are never detected or diagnosed.

58
Q

When do you diagnose toxoplasma

A

In immunocompromised cats

59
Q

What are some symptoms of toxoplasma in immunocompromised cats

A

Focal or generalized lymphadenitis, encephalitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis and retinochoroiditis

60
Q

Describe the oocyst infectious form of toxoplasma gondii

A

Only shed in the feces by the fat over a period of 10-14 days. Infectious form is sporulated in 1-5 days post shedding in ideal conditions (20-38*c and high humidity)

61
Q

How many infectious forms of toxoplasma are present in each egg

A

8 infectious forms per egg

62
Q

After a cat has previously been infected with toxoplasma, will the shed oocysts on the second infection ?

A

No unless they are suffering from a debilitating disease

63
Q

How can toxoplasma oocysts contaminate the environment

A

The soil or fruits/vegetables in the garden

64
Q

What are the bradyzoite form of toxoplasma

A

Slowly dividing encysted tissue stages found in all warm blooded vertebrate hosts

65
Q

What are tachyzoites

A

In milk, saliva or sperm, blood.

Rapidly dividing tissue stages found in all vertebrate hosts.

66
Q

Describe the entero-epithelial cycle of toxoplasma in cat

A

Ingestion of infected mammal or avian tissue (bradyzoites)
Release of forms which penetrate intestinal cells
The cycle starts over again (a few generations) - the PPP 3-15 days.

67
Q

What can the entero-epithelial cycle of cats cause

A

Diarrhea but mostly normal feces.

68
Q

Describe in general the entero-epithelial cycle of toxoplasma in cats

A

Break a cell, go back in, go into sexual reproduction and make oocysts.

69
Q

Describe the extra-intestinal cycle of toxoplasma

A

Occurs in all species.
Both cycles can occur simultaneously in cats.
Ingestion of oocysts- release of sporozoites. Eventually become tachyzoites that are rapidly dividing. Rupture and invade surrounding cells.

Can cross the placental barrier into fetus.
Tachyzoites become bradyzoides within 3-4 days post infection. They can persist for years

70
Q

What happens if a mom is infected in the first trimester with toxoplasma

A

It’s difficult for the tachyzoites to invade but they can cause a lot of damage

71
Q

What can happen to a mom if she is infected with Toxoplasma in the second or third trimester

A

It is easy for the tachyzoites to invade but it is difficult for it to cause damage

72
Q

At what point does the Bradyzoide of toxoplasma reactivate in the animal

A

If the animal becomes pregnant or immunocompromised

73
Q

What are the three sources of infection for toxoplasmosis in decreasing order of importance

A

Intermediate hosts in food: ingestion of Bradyzoites.
The soil: ingestion of oocysts.
The cat: ingestion of oocysts.

74
Q

How long does it take for the oocysts of toxoplasma to become infectious

A

1-5 days

75
Q

If I cat is infected with toxoplasmosis how long will it shEd oocysts

A

2 weeks

76
Q

If a cat is infected with toxoplasmosis can he shed oocysts more than once in his life?

A

No. Unless he is fiv/felv

77
Q

If a cat is shedding toxoplasma oocysts, how was he infected ?

A

Bradyzoide cyst is eaten (uncooked meat/ate a mouse)

78
Q

What are three ways to minimize risks for toxoplasmosis

A

Clean the litter box once per day, keep your cat indoors, don’t feed your cat raw meat

79
Q

What are two flagellates of cats and dogs

A

Trypanosoma cruzi (causes sleeping sickness)

Leishmania (from sand flies)

80
Q

What transmits babesia canis and what is it considered

A

Tick bite. Apicomplexans

81
Q

What does babesia canis cause

A

Anemia, jaundice, fever, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria and weakness

82
Q

What are the three common apicomplexans of cats and dogs

A

Babesia canis
Cytauxzoon felis
Hepatozoon

83
Q

How is cytauxzoon felis transmitted

A

By Tick bite

84
Q

How is hepatozoon transmitted

A

By ingestion of tick

Parasitology (9 decks)

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