Ac3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control (Tactics and measures used in social control)

Question 1

Environmental design

Answer 1

• involves what a neighborhood looks like and how it is designed to lower crime in the area.
• CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) based on the idea that crime happens due to the opportunities presented by the physical environment.
• if you open the environment crime should decrease.
• crime can be reduced by creating open spaces with strong lighting and no blind spots as well as low level bushes and CCTV surveillance.
• Gated lanes- aids installed at the entrance or rear alleyways in order to deter burglars from using alleys to gain entry to properties

Question 2

Prison design

Answer 2

• traditional prison design is the panopticon shape [all seeing].
• this allows the observer to view all prisoners without the prisoners being aware they’re being watched.
• prisoners can be seen but can’t communicate with other prisoners or prison officers.
• other prisons designs include supermax jails where people are segregated by crime they’ve committed and their risk factor.
• new UK prisons have accommodation divided into similar units for easier management of inmates.
• Norway has designs that are in a way like “holiday camps” where prisoners live in houses with mostly free movement around the vicinity.

Question 3

Behavioral tactics

Answer 3

• Tactics used by agencies to change a prisoner’s behaviour to make them more socially compliant.
• ASBOs were introduced to limit and correct low level antisocial behaviour.
• CBOs are now used against antisocial offenders who have committed behaviour that has caused alarm or distress.
• if you have one of these orders, you would be banned from taking part in certain activities and going to certain places as well as having to try to change the behavior through treatment programs.
• Token economies are used to control behavior by rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour. prisons use this often through rewards and sanctions for positive and negative behaviour.

Question 4

Institutional tactics

Answer 4

• institutions have their own method of controlling undesired behaviour through rules and punishments if the rules are broken.
• you would not be following the rules if you caused damage to the prison ignored the instructions of prison staff or threatened to or attacked someone.
• in these situations punishments are given such as cautions, privileges being taken away, extended prison time, and being confined to your prison cell.

Question 5

Gaps in state provision

Answer 5

• unreported crime: police can only stop crime if they dint know its going on
• If no crime is reported punishment cannot be sought after and therefore criminality can continue.
• crimes with low reapportion rates: domestic violence and white collar crime.
• budget cuts to the police can negatively impact convictions due to lack of police officers on the ground and having too many cases to deal with efficiently.
• Clauses being implemented that can impact other laws for example terrorists being unable to be deported due to human rights legislations

Question 6

what are the 4 key elements to Environmental design

Answer 6

1. Natural surveillance: like members of the public using the area and increasing chances of crime being seen e.g. well lit, no hiding places and CCTV
2. Natural access control: by controlling where people can enter and exit the area e.g. maze entrances, landscaping and signage
3. Territorial reinforcement: by using physical barriers between owned and public spaces e.g. clear reception space, visitor badges and coded locked doors
4. Maintenance: to ensure the area is well looked after e.g. regular street cleaning, attractive plants and prompt removal of vandalism and graffiti

Question 7

Environmental design Positives

Answer 7

• Creates a sense of security amongst members of the public, so they use the area and provide surveillance
• Creates a sense of ownership amongst business owners and employees, so they look out for criminal acts
• There is a growing body of research that supports the view that environmental design is effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community.

Question 8

Environmental design Negatives

Answer 8

• Must be put in place at the start of the design process – difficult to add in after
• Doesn’t take away from the criminals desire to commit crime
• Works to reduce street crime such as theft and vandalism but doesn’t reduce violent and home based crimes

Question 9

panopticon shape prison design

Answer 9

All prisoners can be observed at all times, without prisoners knowing whether they are being watched or not
Prisoners cannot communicate with guards or fellow inmates
So, they behave just in case they’re being watched

Question 10

American supermax jails prison design

Answer 10

Long term, segregated housing for the most dangerous criminals
Individual cells that are pre-formed so no items can be moved or used as a weapon

Question 11

Real world prison (e.g. Bastoy in Norway) prison design

Answer 11

Located on an island
Live communally in a house with other inmates
One meal a day provided; all other bought and cooked by inmates
Earn money from jobs
Prisoners are prepared for the outside world

Question 12

Prison design Positives

Answer 12

• Prisoners monitor and control their own behaviour as they know they are being watched (panoptican)
• Prisoners do not have the tools to commit further crime when in prison as the cells are basic (supermax)
• Prisoners have the opportunity for rehabilitation. So should function when released (real world prison)

Question 13

Prison design Negatives

Answer 13

• Discipline doesn’t teach prisoners why their behaviour is wrong and why the shouldn’t reoffend (panoptican)
• Considered to be inhumane and against human rights (supermax)
• Not considered a ‘punishment’, as prisoners continue to enjoy most aspects of life (real world prison)

Question 14

Gated lanes Positives

Answer 14

• Decrease crime by making it difficult e.g. the effort of climbing the gate.
• Residents responsible for the gate = more responsibility and protection over the area.
• Decrease in ‘broken windows’ effect as the space is clean and orderly.

Question 15

Gated lanes Negatives

Answer 15

• If gates reduce usage by residents, responsibility and protection can decrease.
• Criminals might be resident within the gated area.
• Gates may remain open if they are considered a nuisance by residents.

Question 16

ASBO

Answer 16

Antisocial behaviour order: can be used to stop anyone aged 10 or over from harassing, causing alarm or distress to other people who aren’t in the same household. An order can be issued for at least two years and lists what they must stop doing.
Basically a warning to kid who do antisocial stuff to stop and if they don’t stop they brake the ASBO and get arrested

Question 17

CBO

Answer 17

Criminal behaviour order
repleaded the ABSO
basicity to stop people from doing more saruses antisocial stuff and if you get one you might have to go the classes or therapy to change you behaver.
if you brake it you can get arrested.

Question 18

Token economy system

Answer 18

In the context of prison this is known as a token economy and good behaviour is rewarded with tokens that can be traded for desirable privileges (such as food or television time) and bad behaviour is discouraged through removing such tokens.