AC3.2 - Descibe The Contribution Of Agencies In Achieving Social Control

Question 1

Environmental Design - CPTED and Gated Lanes
(bold is the one that the card is focusing on)

Answer 1

Some criminologists argue that the environment can effect the levels of crime, by:
- The opportunity to commit crime
- lack of control over surroundings

City planners and architects can “design out crime” by changing the physical layout of the area

C. Ray Jeffery formed CPTED:
Based off the idea that crime arises from opportunities in the physical environment
- if this is the case, modification should “design out crime”

The Principles of CPTED:
Natural Surveillance:
- Easily viewed entrances
- street level windows

Safe Image - a picture of a safe neighbour is positive

Safe Location - areas located in a crime-free area

Territoriality - encourages a sense of ownership amongst residents

Trees, street level windows, well lit area, fences, regularly cut grass, lack of hiding spaces

Can be linked to Damilola Taylor:
He had no escape as there was only one entrance and exit, NO CCTV, dark place

Oscar Newman
- defensible spaces - areas where there are clear boundaries
- indefensible spaces - areas where crime is more likely to occur, they belong to no-one and cared for by No-One

LINK EVERYTHING TO:
- Durkheim
- Wilson and Kelling - Broken Windows theory

Question 2

Environmental design - CPTED and Gated Lanes
(bold is the one the card is focusing on)

Answer 2

Gated Lanes are alleyways around the backs of houses
- They are gates that prevent unwarranted access
- they are located at the front and rear of a property
- stops tipping and anti-social behaviour

Can prevent vandalism, drug-use and burglary

Sidebottem et al shows support for the prevention of burglaries:
- Barriers increased effort to commit crime
- Increases surveillance
He found the average cost for a gate was £728 per gate, but the benefits were over twice the cost (£2.91 for every £1 spent)

Question 3

How do Prisons Design achieve social control

Answer 3

The Panopticon:
- One watchtower in the middle, the prison cells are organised in a circular design around the watchtower

• The watchtower has one sided glass, which increases self-surveillance

Foucault argues self surveillance has become an important way of achieving social control

Other Designs:
Bastøy Prison - treats inmates like people, in a community like a village

Question 4

Behavioural Tactics - ASBOs and TEs

Answer 4

Ways agencies seek to change individuals behaviour

• ASBOs and Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs)
• Token Economies

New Labour Introduced ASBOs to deal with anti-social behaviour

However this led to ASBOs encouraging crime as they saw it as a status symbol
Cohen, status frustration

They were replaced by CBOs in 2014, the person convicted would be banned from certain areas and activities, and attend programs such as drug treatment.
A breach would attain up to 5 years in prison

Interactionism - ASBOs create a negative label which can create a SFP

• Token Economies:
  Rewards positive behaviour
  Punishes negative behaviour

Question 5

Institutional Tactics and its form of social control
(Family, workplace, etc…)

Answer 5

Institution
- family - child obeys parent
- school - students obey teachers
- Workplace - employees obey boss
- Army - soldiers obey officers

A deviation in this causes sanctions

The courts can sentence offenders for various punishments
The NPS can supervise behaviour

Disciplinary Processes
1) if rules are broken a doctorates license can be removed
2) NPS allow for 2 minor breaches of terms due to limited time and money in court cases