Ac3.2 Flashcards
What did Oscar Newman argue
Indefensible spaces: Areas of crime are more likely to occur in areas such as anonymous walkways and stairwells
What is included in defensible spaces
- Territoriality
- Natural surveillance
- a safe image- building design gives the impression of places being safe
- a safe location- a moat of safety
What is cpted
- has the added advantage oof creating a sense of security and well-being amongst others
4 key elements:
-natural surveillance
-natural access control
- territorial reinforcement
-maintenance
Natural surveillance
- Keeping areas well lit
- Eliminanting hiding spots
Natural access control
- Criminals feel like they are in control however can be denied the approaches of a building/area
- Maze entrances: in public lobbies cut off straight lines or walls between a cashier
- Curbing: direct automoblie and foot traffic into a controlled visible area
Territorial reinforcement
- Creates a clear distinction between public and private property
Examples include:
Making sure receptionist have clear sightlines of all entrances and the ablity to call for help asap
- Making sure secruity signage is clear and visible
- Having a visitor badge included allowing employees to feel safe
What did alice coleman mention about maintenance
- she found 3 design features that encourage crime e.g.
anonymity, lack of surveillance and easy escape.
She recommeneded:
- No block flats should be built
- each exisitng block should have own gardens/private space
-overhead walkways should be removed
Cons of CPTED
- Focuses on the outsiders of the area but insiders commit the crimes too
- Don’t explain the cases such as cyber crime, fraud and corporate crime
- cul-de-sacs might be defensible spaces but arent actually defended e.g. employment patterns
- Housing estates having crime rates due to councils policies e.g. placing problem families in ‘sink’ estates
Prison design
- The panoppticon- a tower in prisoner which labels the idea that surveilliance is important in mordern society therefore it allows guards to see prisoners but prisoners cant see them
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How is social control achieved through this design
- allows guards to see all prisoners without being seen themeselves
- therefore prisoners feel like thry have to behave
- surveillance turns into self surveillance
- Guards no need to discipline as the prisoners self disiicpline
What theory links to CPTED
Right realism:
-involves target hardening
- makes offenders act rationally- rational choice theory
What are ASBOS
- introduced by Tony Blair in 1998- designed to reduce low levels of crime that mainly social behaviour issues
What would happen if you breached a ASBO
- up to 5 years in prison
- between 2000-2013 over 10,000 were breached repeatdly
What theory links to ASBOS
- Labelling theory: - Self fufilling prophecy
- became more of a badge of honour among youths rather than a reinforcement idea
What Civil injunctions
- May introduced them in 2012
- aims to deal with low level crime beahviour
- breaches could lead 2 years prison for adults and 3 month detention for under 18s
