AC 4.2- social change and policy development Flashcards
what are values
general principles, beliefs, guidelines that differ across society eg. respecting elders
what are norms
rules/social standards that are consistent across most of society- can be formal/informal eg. formal=laws informal= holding open the door
what are mores/moral codes
moral ideas that maintain standards, decency and civil behaviours eg. incest is immoral+abnormal, nakedness in public is indecent
what is cultural change (3)
-can positively enrich+enhance a community/country
-can lead to controversy+conflict
-affected by time and changes in traditions+values
what is public perception (3)
-society viewing behaviour differently
-public concern about behaviours lead to changes in laws/policies
-impacted by norms, values, mores
what is structural/demographic change
changes to a populations demographic can increase crime+deviance, including increasing offenders of particular crimes
social changes timeline for domestic violence 1971-2010 (5)
-1971- refuge for DV as it was socially recognised as a problem but there was no legislation
-1987- police launch DV unit to support victims
-1990- just to support women (including Thronton and Ahluwalia)
-2010- government made civil agreement for DV protection notices
legal changes for domestic violence 1956- 2021 (4)
-1956- rape is legally defined
-1967- abortion act
-1997- sex offenders register introduced
-2021- domestic violence act
how were social norms, values and mores changing for domestic violence (3 + subpoints)
Changing view of women in society
-historically seen as people to keep the family going
-DV was common- now its morally wrong
-women had no power- now have equal rights
Changing police+government attitudes
-DV cases became higher priority
Focus on protecting women in violence
-domestive abuse act 2021
-charities and helplines eg. womens aid founded in 1974
social changes for drink driving 1950s-2016 (5)
-public attitudes were tolerant- wasnt seen as serious crime, governments showed little interest
-1950s- car ownership increase (15%in 1951 to 55% in 1971)- road deaths increase by 3000
-public concern for road safety, including seatbelts+drink driving
-1968- government introduced breathalysers. Road deaths decrease by 1100, decrease in alcohol-related incidents from 25% to 15%
-2016- less than 5% road deaths were alcohol related
legal changes for drink driving 1925-1991 (4)
-1925- criminal justice act- offence to be found drunk in a vehicle. Penalty of £50/imprisonment
-1967- maximum legal drink drive limit under the road safety act. 80mg per 100ml of blood
-1991- death by driving under influence of alcohol- compulsory sentence up to 5 years (raised to 14 in 2014)
-new laws+tougher sentences reflect growing public intolerance of drink driving
how were social norms, values and mores changing for drink driving (2 + subpoints)
Changing perceptions on influence of alcohol on drivers
-used to be subjective on how ‘manly’ you were- more manly= more likely to be ok with drink driving
Rise in campaigns on dangerous driving
-1979- half of male drivers admitted to drink driving at least once a week
-2014- 91% agreed drink driving was unacceptable
-THINK! and brake
why did immigration start (4)
-before WW2 there were less than 20,000 non white UK residents
-after WW2 UK had sever labour shortage
-government encouraged overseas people to work in UK
-1948- earliest arrivals from west indies, south asia and cyprus. Windrush generation- arrival of caribbean
social changes towards immigration and hate crime 1945-2022 (5)
-1945- start of discrimination+racism from communities+employers (exploitation of immigrants through pay and conditions)
-1959- serious race riots led to a black man being murdered. Relationship between police+black people deteriorated
-1968-78- political speeches criticising levels of immigration creates a rise in anti-immigration levels
-1980- changes in attitudes towards ethnic groups- less discrimination (13% reduction between 1987-2017)
-2021- 82% white citizens, 18% nonwhite citizens
policy changes towards immigration 1948-2010 (4)
-1948- british nationality act- those part of the commonwealth could have british passports and work in uk
-1965- race relations act- addresses direct+indirect discrimination
-1998- crime and disorder act- harsher punishments for hate crimes
-2010- equality act- replaced antidiscrimination laws and identified protected characteristics
how were social norms, values and mores changing for immigration and hate crime (3+subpoints)
Changes in attitudes towards racial groups
-increase in discrimination due to mass immigration
Wider acceptance of mixed-race relationships+families
-development of multiculturalism- merging norms+values between cultures
Introduction of equality act 2010+increases in campaigns for change
-less hate crime, more reported hate crime due to recognition of morally wrong discrimination
social changes for smoking 1930-2018 (5)
-since 1930s - dramatic cultural shift in attitudes towards smoking
-used to be a social norm. Doctors recommended it, adverts promoted it
-1950s- first link between smoking and respiratory disease+cancer- led to gradual shift in attitudes
-1965- confirmed link with cancer. Warnings printed on packets
-1974- 45% UK population smoked. 2018- 14% smoked
policy changes for smoking 2002-2014 (4)
-2002- tobacco advertising and promotion act- banned adverting cigarettes
-2006- health care act- illegal to smoke in public places
-2007- age to buy cigarettes increased from 16 to 18
-2014- children and families act- illegal to smoke in a vehicle if children are there
