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criminology-unit 2- criminological theories > AC 1.2- social construction of criminality > Flashcards

AC 1.2- social construction of criminality Flashcards

1
Q

what is the social construction of criminality (3)

A

-made/defined by society
- act/behaviour that becomes criminal- law is passed
-differs by culture, place, time and circumstance

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2
Q

CULTURE- what is polygamy

A

Having more than one wife at the same time

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3
Q

CULTURE- where is polygamy legal

A

mostly muslim countries eg. India, Malaysia, africa

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4
Q

CULTURE- what is the reason for legal polygamy- religious (2)

A

Qu’ran permits Muslim men to take up to 4 wives.
prophet muhammad had multiple wives

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5
Q

CULTURE- what is the reason for legal polygamy- tradition

A

Polygamy has traditionally been
practiced in some African societies

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6
Q

CULTURE- where is polygamy illegal and why (3)

A

-western countries
-seen as an immoral lifestyle, leads to unbalanced relationships
-historically illegal due to bible condemning it

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7
Q

CULTURE- what is homosexuality

A

same sex relationships

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8
Q

CULTURE- where is homosexuality illegal (3)

A

-75 countries outlaw male homosexuality eg. nigeria, bangladesh
-45 outlaw lesbian activity
-Some countries ban promotion of homosexuality e.g. Russia.

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9
Q

CULTURE- where is homosexuality legal

A

majority of western countries

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10
Q

CULTURE- why is homosexuality illegal- religion

A

islam, christianity, judaism are traditionally against it

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11
Q

CULTURE- why is homosexuality illegal- public opinion

A

Some countries have high levels of support
for a ban on homosexuality.
eg. 98% egyptians are against it

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12
Q

CULTURE- why is homosexuality illegal- sexism

A

Male homosexuality being outlawed in more countries may reflect sexist attitudes about women not being able to be attracted to members of the same sex.

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13
Q

CULTURE- what is adultery

A

A sexual act between two people, one
or both of whom are married to
someone else.

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14
Q

CULTURE- where is adultery a illegal

A

many muslim countries, 21 US states

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15
Q

CULTURE- where is adultery legal

A

most countries eg. UK, india

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16
Q

CULTURE- why is adultery illegal- religion

A

Many religions condemn adultery – this
can influence law-making

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17
Q

PLACE- what is cannabis

A

a drug that can be smoked/ingested with food

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18
Q

PLACE- where is cannabis use illegal

A

UK, many other european countries

19
Q

PLACE- where is cannabis use legal (2)

A

Legalised for medical use in Canada/some
U.S. states.
Decriminalised in Portugal.

20
Q

PLACE- why is cannabis illegal- different norms and values

A

Societies with greater emphasis on personal
freedoms are more likely to not see it as criminal

21
Q

PLACE- why is cannabis illegal- different ideas on controlling drug use (2)

A

-Some governments see decriminalisation or legalisation as controlling drug use
-others see cannabis as a gateway drug and try to control its use.

22
Q

PLACE- controlling drug use- differences between portugal and phillipines (2)

A

-portugal- decriminalisation by not punishing drug users, but giving rehab. this was more successful than having laws and punishments
-phillipines- people shot dead in slums as theyre assumed to be drug users. theyre trying to kill every last drug user and dealer

23
Q

PLACE- what is assisted dying

A

people who are terminally ill/cant take their own life are helped to die by another person eg. a doctor

24
Q

PLACE- where is assisted dying legal

A

6 countries, including switzerland

25
Q

PLACE- where is assisted dying illegal

A

muslim countries

26
Q

PLACE- why is assisted dying illegal- religion

A

sanctity of life and only god can take a life

27
Q

PLACE- why is assisted dying legal in switzerland

A

it is one of the strongest upholders of human rights

28
Q

PLACE- where in the UK is corporal punishment illegal

A

only scotland and wales have made it clear in legislation that its illegal to smack a child

29
Q

PLACE- where in the UK is corporal punishment legal

A

england and northern ireland- theres no legislation that makes it illegal

30
Q

PLACE- why is corporal punishment legal in some parts of the UK (2)

A

eg. hitting a child’s hand if theyre about to harm themselves is reasonable punishment
-corporal punishment of children doesnt need a law as there are other pieces of legislation that protect children otherwise

31
Q

TIME- why have gun control laws in UK changed over time (3)

A

-increase in gun-related incidents
-necessity for outdated gun laws- relating to need and suitability for ownership
-following dunblane massacre (1996)

32
Q

TIME- what is the act called which involves changes in gun law

A

firearms act 1997

33
Q

TIME- how did the snowdrop campaign aid in gun control law improvement (3)

A

-campaign following dunblane shooting
-started by parents of victims
-collected 750,000 signatures for petition to change gun laws

34
Q

TIME- how are children seen differently today compared to in 19th century (2)

A

-today they are innocent+need protection
-used to be treated the same as adults vin work and by law

35
Q

TIME- example of laws/policies which only apply to children (2)

A

-minimum ages for many activities eg. smoking, sexual activities
-reinforces idea of children being different to adults and subject to different rules

36
Q

TIME- how was schooling for children introduced (2)

A

-in 1880 compulsory, basic education was needed
-kept children out of workforce

37
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- what is age of criminal responsibility in england, wales scotland and why (2)

A

10 years old- James bulger case of two 10 year olds murdering a toddler
-children below 10 are less likely to understand the meaning of the crime they committed

38
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- youth courts and punishments (2)

A

-separate courts are used to deal with young offenders and adult offenders
- youth court is for 10-17 year olds

39
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- homicide and diminished responsibility (2)

A

-mental conditions reduces ability to understand what they were doing- cant form a rational judgement
-reduces conviction to manslaughter

40
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- homicide

A

The law of murder can be applied differently where there is a defence

41
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- consequences moral panic in 2011 riots (2)

A

-minor offences committed in 2011 riots more likely to receive custodial sentences- believed harsher sentences would deter people committing further crimes
-over 3000 arrests made, over 2000 people faced criminal charges

42
Q

CIRCUMSTANCE- what is moral panic (2)

A

-public reaction to an incident leading to a response in law by criminal justice system
-law can be enforced more harshly/leniently depending on circumstances of crime

43
Q

CIRCUMSTANCES- cause of 2011 riots

A

black man wrongfully accused of having a gun and was fatally shot by police

criminology-unit 2- criminological theories (3 decks)

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