AC 2.2- individualistic theories- psychodynamic theories

Question 1

bowlby: what did he suggest (2)

Answer 1

-link between maternal deprivation and criminality
-maternal deprivation leads to affectionless psychopathy (inability to form meaningful emotion relationships)

Question 2

bowlby: 44 thieves study procedure (2)

Answer 2

-44 thieves were compared with 44 non-thieves (control group) from a delinquency centre
-collected data via interviews and questionnaires from all participants

Question 3

bowlby: 44 thieves study findings (5 stats)

Answer 3

-39% of thieves suffered maternal deprivation
-5% of control group suffered maternal deprivation
-15/44 were affectionless psychopaths

-17/44 were separated from mother for over 6 months before age 5
-2/44 in control group were separated for over 6 months before age 5

Question 4

bowlby: what is the difference between separation and deprivation

Answer 4

-separation= child not in presence of a primary attachment figure
-deprivation= causes development issues- child loses an element of their care

Question 5

bowlby: what is monotropy

Answer 5

the need for a close relationship between child and mother

Question 6

bowlby: what can separation for the first 5 years of life lead to

Answer 6

can lead to cognitive, social and emotion difficulties

Question 7

bowlby: what does prolonged separation lead to

Answer 7

long term consequences eg. delinquency, reduced intelligence, affectionless psychopathy

Question 8

freud: what did he suggest (3)

Answer 8

-early social experiences of antisocial behaviour and crime may increase likelihood of future antisocial behaviour and criminality
-early childhood experiences determine personality + future behaviour
-suggested that personality (psyche) contains 3 elements (tripartite)

Question 9

freud: what happens with the 3 elements of the psyche

Answer 9

they are in conflict/tension with each other

Question 10

freud: what is the id (3)

Answer 10

-fully unconscious, affects personality
-pleasure principle- gain pleasure, avoid pain
-born with it

Question 11

freud: what is the superego (2)

Answer 11

-mostly unconscious, your conscience
-moral principle- don’t do wrong as it causes guilty feeling

Question 12

freud: what is the ego (3)

Answer 12

-most conscious, the executive
-reality principle- balances demands of id, superego and reality
-the conscious mind

Question 13

freud: what are the 3 parts of the superego

Answer 13

-weak superego- feel less guilt, allows id to be more dominant
-deviant superego- internalised deviancy+ criminality, forms deviant moral code
-hard superego- craves punishment as a release, engages in repeat offending

Question 14

evaluation- freud
2 strengths

Answer 14

-shows importance of early socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminality
-positive application for treatment of criminality through positive parenting

Question 15

evaluation- freud
2 limitations

Answer 15

-critics doubt existence of an unconscious mind- how could we know about it if its unconscious
-doesnt account for crimes committed by people who come from balanced families

Question 16

evaluation- bowlby
2 strengths

Answer 16

-his research shows more of his sample suffered maternal deprivation (39%) than control group (5%)
-shows we need to consider the role of parent-child relationships in explaining criminality

Question 17

evaluation- bowlby
2 limitations

Answer 17

-retrospective study- delinquents+mothers had to accurately recall past events- can be a problem, especially when recalling emotive experiences
-accounts for the delinquency of 39% of the children in terms of maternal deprivation, but doesnt explain why the other 61% were delinquent- deprivation isnt the only cause