AC 4.1- individualistic theories in policy development Flashcards
psychoanalysis
why is psychoanalysis carried out (3)
-based on freud’s theory
-used to resolved unconscious+repressed emotions of the id into the conscious mind
-patients lay down on couch facing away from analyst
what type of policy is psychoanalysis
informal policy
crime control
psychoanalysis
study- airchhorn (4)
-used psychoanalytic techniques to deal with young offenders in institutions
-replaced harsh environments with pleasant ones to enable development of superego
-believed that the absence of a meaningful relationship significantly impacted development of superego
-by creating a meaningful relationship with offender, airchhorn suggested the superego may develop
psychoanalysis
what is the stalking intervention programme
-aims to reduce risk of reoffending by identifying patterns of obsessive behaviour at earliest possible stage
psychoanalysis evaluation
2 limitations
-only 44% of psychoanalysis patients treated for neurosis showed improvement compared to 72% improving in hospitals
-ethical issues- power imbalances between analysis and patient- analyst can abuse this power
token economies
why are token economies used (4)
-based on skinner’s theory
-focuses on behaviour modification by rewarding them
-criminal behaviour is weakened when punished or when rewards are seen as more beneficial
-desirable behaviour identified->earn token->exchange token for privileges->behaviour reinforced
what type of policy are token economies
formal policy
crime control
token economies
what is the privileges scheme (4)
-formal policy- every UK prison must have this
-system of privileges which are given if prisoners follow behaviour principles
-privileges can be removed if behaviour is poor
-basic level= prisoners who dont follow behaviour principles and get things required by law. Standard level= prisoners follow behaviour principles and get, morel letters/ visits. Enhanced level= prisoners follow behaviour principles to high standard and get TV, wear own clothes
token economies evaluation
2 strengths
-many studies show improvements in behaviour where privileges scheme is reinforced
-effective way to control+measure prison behaviour
token economies evaluation
limitation
-only works in prison- when prisoners leave, negative behaviour occurs due to lack of external rewards for desirable behaviour
aversion therapy
why is aversion therapy used (2)
-based on eysenck’s theory- criminality common in extravert/neurotic people- makes offender resistant to learning through punishment
-aims to condition offender more strictly to change behaviour
-based on using aversive stimulus eg. used for sex offenders
what type of policy is aversion therapy
formal punishment
crime control
aversion therapy
procedure for sex offenders (4)
-offender asked to fantasise to arousal
-an aversive stimulus is used to deter behaviour eg electric shock
-this is repeated until offender associates the arousal with the negative stimulus
-offenders behaviour is reconditioned
aversion therapy
rehabilitation activity requirement policy (3)
-requirement included in community/suspended sentence
-aim is to rehabilitate
-consent required
aversion therapy evaluation
2 limitations
-successful in controlling+preventing behaviour whilst in therapy, but relapse rates are high when therapy is completed
-ethical issues- breaches humans rights and is seen as degrading and torturous
cognitive therapies
why are cognitive therapies used
-linked to cognitive theories
-belief that offenders have distorted cognition that need to be changed to align with non-criminal thoughts+attitudes
cognitive therapies
aggression replacement therapy (ART) (2)
-used to help those with violent tendencies
-includes training interpersonal skills, anger control techniques and moral reasoning
cognitive therapies evaluation
2 strengths
-25% reduction rate in reoffending after CBT
-ART led to improvements in self-control and reduction in reoffending in young men
