Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharm 140 > abx / anti-infectives > Flashcards

abx / anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

bactericidal

A

kill the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bacteriostatic

A

prevent reproduction of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

narrow spectrum

A

specific metabolic pathway or enzyme

effective against only a few microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

broad spectrum

A

useful in treating a wide variety of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

cephalosporins
depatomycin
penicillins
vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A 
aminoglycosides
chloramphenicol
clindamycin
erythromycin
tetracyclines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

fluoroquinolones

rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

drugs that disrupt cell membrane permeability

A

polymyxins
polyene antimicrobials
imidazole antifungal agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

drugs that work as an anti-metabolite

A

sulfonamides

trimethoprim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

drugs that inhibit viral enzymes

A

acyclovir

saquinavir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

antimicrobial drugs bind to the cell wall allowing the cell to absorb water
results in cell lysis and cell death
prevents bacteria from building cells during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

many bacteria use enzymes for replication that do not exist in human cells
drugs can act as anti-metabolites and inhibit synthesis of these enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

disruption of cell wall permeability

A

drugs can disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell wall and cause the cell to leak components that are vital to its survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

selective toxicity

A

ability of a drug to suppress or kill infecting microbes without injury to the host

drugs accumulate in microbe at a higher level than in human cells or affects cellular structures specific to the microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most common location of resistant bacteria

A

hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

resistance of microbe to drug

may be caused by production of enzymes that deactivate the drug, changes in receptor structure, development of alternate metabolic pathways, spontaneous mutation, conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

factors contributing to microbial resistance

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a drug must be present to stop/slow replication
inadequate tissue concentrations 2/2 incorrect dosage
insufficient duration of therapy (pts stop drug when symptoms improve)
prophylactic use of abx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MRSA

A

resistant to all antistaphylococcic penicillins
some strains resistant to protein-synthesis inhibition drugs
MRSE (r/t MRSA; occurs in HCW nasal passages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MRSA treatment

A

vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

to decrease penicillin resistance among streptococcus pneumoniae, CDC suggests:

A

clinicians stop using drugs as prophylaxis for otitis media

patients at increased risk of infections be immunized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

some strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) are resistant to

A

penicillin
gentamycin
vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

treatment for VRE

A

combination of abx:

aminoglycoside and cephalosporin or penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MDR-TB

A

caused by inadequate drug therapy

multiple drug therapy is implemented at the onset of treatment to decrease the incidence of MDR-TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nosocomial infections occur because hospital has:

A

high prevalence of pathogens
high prevalence of compromised hosts
an efficient mechanism of transmission from patient to patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many patients per year in the US acquire a nosocomial infection?

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

best way to prevent nosocomial infection

A

frequent hand hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how to treat severe infection in which pathogen is unknown

A

combination therapy

broad spectrum drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

duration of antimicrobial treatment

A

typically 7-10 days

may be extended 30+ days for infections such as prostatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

infection in meninges

A

difficult to achieve MIC because many drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

abscess

A

difficult to achieve MIC because abscesses are poorly vascularized and presence of pus may impede drug concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

infections in foreign objects

A

pacemakers, prosthetic joints

difficult to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

empiric theory

A

prescribing antibiotics before identification of the pathogen

when multiple microbes may be the causative agent, empiric therapy is started and a culture is taken to identify pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

penicillin types

A

amoxicillin
penicillin G, penicillin V
ampicillin
nafcillin, oxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cephalosporin types

A

generations 1-4

cefaclor (2nd gen)

35
Q

lipoglycopeptide type

A

vancomycin

36
Q

B-lactam antibacterials

A

penicillins (PCN)
cephalosporins
lipoglycopeptides

affect cell wall
contain a B-lactam ring that is essential for antibacterial activity

37
Q

penicillin is a ____ spectrum antibiotic

A

narrow

38
Q

penicillin indications

A

gram-positive cocci and bacilli
some gram-negative bacilli

streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, syphilis, gonorrhea

39
Q

amoxicillin indications

A

penicillin prototype
treatment of infection
postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax
treatment of helicobacter infections as part of combination therapy

40
Q

amoxicillin action

A

inhibits synthesis of cell wall in susceptible bacteria, causing cell death

41
Q

amoxicillin pharmacokinetics

A

PO or oral suspension
or IV
excreted in urine

42
Q

amoxicillin adverse effects

A 
seizures, insomnia, behavioral changes
n/v/d
psuedomembranous colitis
nephropathy
agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
anaphylaxis
superinfections
43
Q

amoxicillin contraindications

A

allergy/sensitivity to penicillins or cephalosporins

44
Q

amoxicillin cautions

A

patients with renal disease

pregnant patients

45
Q

amoxicillin interactions

A

tetracyclines - amx effects are decreased
aminoglycoside action can be deactivated
allopurinol - rash

46
Q

amoxicillin interventions

A

review culture to ensure amoxicillin is indicated
report bloody stools, long term diarrhea
report candida infections of mouth/vagina

47
Q

amoxicillin pt teaching

A

take exactly as ordered for as long as ordered
report s/s of yeast infection
report s/s hypersensitivity and d/c immediately

48
Q

ampicillin

A

broad spectrum penicillin

49
Q

pipercillin, carbenecillin

A

extended spectrum penicilin

50
Q

augmentin

A

amoxicillin + clavulanic acid

combination

51
Q

methicillin, nafcillin

A

penicillinase-resistant penicillins

52
Q

unasyn

A

ampicillin-sulbactam

53
Q

zosyn

A

piperacillin-tazobactam

54
Q

cephalosporins

A

B-lactam antibiotics that affect bacterial cell wall synthesis/integrity
4-5 generations

55
Q

differences between cephalosporin generations

A

activity against gram-negative bacteria
resistance to B-lactamases
ability to distribute into CSF

56
Q

cephalosporin indications

A 
UTI
gram-negative bacterial meningitis
MDR gram-negative infections
abdominal/pelvic infections (peritonitis)
surgical prophylaxis
57
Q

which is more active against gram-positive organisms?

A. penicillins
B. cephalosporins

A

A penicillins are more active against gram-positive bacteria

cephalosporins are more active against gram-negative bacteria

58
Q

first gen cephalosporins

A

cefazolin (Ancef) - IM/IV

cephalexin (Keflex) - PO

59
Q

second gen cephalosporins

A

cefoxitin (Mefoxin) - IM/IV
cefaclor (Ceclor) - PO
cefuroxime (Zinacef) - PO, IM or IV

60
Q

third gen cephalosporins

A

only drugs that are able to penetrate blood-brain barrier sufficiently to treat CNS infections

ceftriaxone sodium (Rocephin) - IM/IV
cefotaxime (Claforan) - IM or IV
61
Q

fourth gen cephalosporins

A

more stable than earlier generations and effective for gram positive AND gram negative bacteria

cefepime (Maxipime) - IM, IV push, IV piggyback

62
Q

fifth gen cephalosporins

A

effective with some methicillin resistant organisms
used for community acquired pneumonia infection (CAP)
ceftaroline (Teflaro) - IV

63
Q

cefaclor

A

second gen cephalosporin

cephalosporin prototype

64
Q

cefaclor indications

A

many kinds of infections

lower resp tract, pneumonia

65
Q

cefaclor pharmacokinetics

A

given PO

excreted unchanged in urine

66
Q

ceflacor action

A

inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

causes cell death (bactericidal)

67
Q

ceflacor contraindications

A

allergy/hypersensitivity to PCN or cephalosporins

68
Q

ceflacor cautions

A

colitis

renal insufficiency

69
Q

ceflacor side effects

A 
headache, dizziness
oral/vaginal candidiasis
pseudomembranous colitis
thrombocytopenia, transient leukopenia
rash
anaphylaxis, serum sickness
70
Q

ceflacor interactions

A

aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity
antacids: may decrease absorption; separate doses by 1 hr
anticoagulant effects may be increased
ALCOHOL: risk of disulfiram-like reaction; may lead to CV collapse, convulsions, death

71
Q

ceflacor interventions

A

monitor for s/s of allergy, superinfection, chronic diarrhea, phlebitis at IV site
keep oral suspensions in fridge
monitor BUN, Cr, PT/INR
take with food to decrease GI distress

72
Q

ceflacor pt teaching

A

take drug as prescribed as long as prescribed
shake suspension well
do not consume alcohol
notify dr if s/s superinfection

73
Q

are first gen cephalosporins effective at treating gram-negative bacteria

A

NO

74
Q

vancomycin (vancocin)

A

tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic (only one)
limited use 2/2 side effects
only used when other abx have failed
effective against gram-positive pathogens

75
Q

vancomycin indications

A 
bacterial septicemia
endocarditis
bone/joint infections
MRSA, C. diff
pneumonia
staph infections
76
Q

vancomycin pharmacokinetics

A

given PO or IV

excreted kidneys/feces

77
Q

vancomycin action

A

hinders bacterial cell wall synthesis, damaging bacterial plasma membrane and making cell more vulnerable to osmotic pressure

also interferes with RNA synthesis

78
Q

vancomycin contraindications

A

hypersensitivity

79
Q

vancomycin cautions

A

other neurotoxic, nephrotoxic or ototoxic drugs
pts >60 y/o
colitis

80
Q

vancomycin adverse effects

A

renal failure
hypotension, tachycardia, flushing; rapid IV infusion may cause cardiac arrest
ototoxicity (usually reversible)
thrombophlebitis at IV site, tissue damage with IV infiltration
n/v
hypokalemia
headache

81
Q

vancomycin interactions

A

aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, bacitracin, piperacillin, polymyxin B: increased risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

muscle relaxants: may enhance neuromuscular blockade

NSAIDs: may increase serum vanco concentration

82
Q

vancomycin interventions

A

administer 60-90 min by infusion checking vitals
monitor trough levels, BUN, Cr levels
monitor for s/s red man syndrome, superinfection, allergy
check for blood return in both central and peripheral lines prior to administration

83
Q

vancomycin pt teaching

A

take drug as prescribed for as long as prescribed
report flushing, faintness, vertigo during IV infusion
report tinnitus, hearing loss
report increase or decrease in urine output
report IV site issues immediately

84
Q

oral vancomycin is used to treat

A

pseudomembranous colitis

pharm 140 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions