Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm > Abuse.Anesthetics > Flashcards

Abuse.Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

physiological dependence

A

neuroadaptations-abnml behavior and physical sxs if withdrawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

psychological dependence

A

dysphoria and intense craving following withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

withdrawal

A

adverse reactions caused by discontinuation of drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tolerance

A

more drug is required to produce effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

increased metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

receptor downregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

learned tolerance

A

adaptation to the degree of intoxication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

conditioned tolerance

A

adaption to setting/environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute tolerance

A

may occur when a drug is used repeatedly over a short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cross tolerance

A

one drug produces tolerance to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sensitization

A

increase of responsiveness after repeated use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

does sensitization cause dose-response curve L or R?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

addiction definition

A

drug taken to alleviate craving/dysphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

person is physiological dependendt, are they addicted?

A

not necessarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

properties of abused drugs

A

euphoria
easy to use
potency, purity
rapid onset/short action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reward pathway

A

VTA–>NAc–>prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pharmacotherpaies for nicotine addiction

A

nicotine replacement therapy
buproprion
varenicline
all w/ behavioral tx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

uses of amphetamines

A

narcolepsy

ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

amphetamine NT effect

A

increase release of DA–reverses DA transport throught DAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

peripheral effects of amphetamines

A

increased BP

cardiotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

methamphetamine

A

may produce psychosis
rapid psychological and physical dependence
withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

most life-threatening withdrawal

A

alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mechanism of cocaine

A

inhibits DA reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

medical use of cocaine

A

local anesthetic

vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cocaine dependence

A

physical and psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

peripheral effects of cocaine

A 
tachycardia
vasoconstriction
HTN
bronchodilation
hyperpyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

effects of chronic cocaine use

A

reduction in overall brain activity
nasal issues
cocaine bugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cocaine overdose

A

vtach/fib
stroke
seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tx for cocaine addiction

A

bromocriptine-decrease craving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

nicotine MOA

A

activates nicotinic receptors in CNS and periphery, increasing serotonin, DA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nicotine dependence

A

psych and phsical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pharmokinetics of nicotine

A

induces CYP450s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MDMA MOA

A

increases 5HT activity by blocking reuptake and stiulating 5HT receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SE of MDMA

A

hyperthermia
dehydration
kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

short term effects of MDMA

A

during: elevated mood (increased 5HT)
after: depression-like, irritability (decreased 5HT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

marijuana dependence

A

psychological possible

no physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

marijuana MOA

A

stimulates presynaptic CB1 receptors to inhibit transmitter (ACh) release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

SE of maijuana

A 
amotivational syndrome
cannabinoid hyperemesis (cyclic vomiting syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

synthetic “cannabinoid” agonists

A

bath salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

LSD MOA

A

acts on 5-HT receptors in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is synesthesia associated with?

A

LSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

peripheral effects of LSD

A

increased BP/HR
flushing
dilated pupils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

angel duust

A

PCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PCP MOa

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ketamine MOA

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

GHB MOA

A

GABA receptor weak agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

analgesia aaccompanied aggression

A

PCP and ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

effects of PCP

A

psychosis–treat with haldol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

used as date rape drugs

A

ketamine

GHB

50
Q

general dissociative anesthetics

A

PCP
ketamine
GHB

51
Q

inhalants MOA

52
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

nitrous oxide

53
Q

amyl and butyl nitrite

A

SMM relaxants

54
Q

dilated pupils

55
Q

non-reactive pupils

A

PCP
ketamine
GHB

56
Q

infiltration anesthesia

A

injection directly into tissue without consideration of cutaneous nerves

57
Q

drugs used for infustion anesthesia

A

procaine
lidocaine
bupivicane

58
Q

advantages and disadvantages of infusion anesthesia

A

a: anesthesia w/o sirupting normal function
d: large amounts necessary

59
Q

field block

A

subq injection that anesthetizes distal to injection

60
Q

nerve block

A

injection around individual nerves or nerve plexuses

61
Q

drugs used for spinal anesthesia

A

lidocaine
bupivicaine
tetracaine

62
Q

physiological properties of esters

A

shorter duration of action

increased degree of systemic toxicity

63
Q

what form must the anesthetic be in to cross the membrane?

A

non-ionized

ionized to bind to receptor

64
Q

what kind of base or acid are anesthetics?

A

weak base

EXCEPT benzocaine

65
Q

how is benzocaine used?

A

topical only

66
Q

what things can decrease the effect of a local anesthetic?

A

inflammation (infection)

acidification

67
Q

why might you add bicarbonate to an anesthetic?

A

increase level of non-ionized LA=increased membrane transport=shortened onset of action

68
Q

MOA of local anesthetics

A

block Na channels and inhibit neuronal firing and the propagation action potentials

69
Q

what state are Na channels when local anesthetics bind?

A

activated or inactivated

not resting

70
Q

how do increases in calcium or potassium affect local anesthetics?

A

calcium: decreased effect
potassium: enhanced effect

71
Q

what determines potency of local anesthetics?

A

lipid solubility

72
Q

what determines the duration of action of local anesthetics?

A

lipid solubility
degree of protein binding
site of location

73
Q

short acting local anesthetics

74
Q

intermediate acting local anesthetics

A

lidocaine

mepivicaine

75
Q

long acting local anesthetics

A

bupivicaine
ropivicaine
tetracaine

76
Q

what are toxic effects of local anesthetics dependent on?

77
Q

how do vasoconstrictors affect local anesthetics?

A

reduce diffusion

78
Q

what are esters metabolized by?

A

butyrycholinesterase in plasma

79
Q

what are amides metabolized by?

A

liver CYPs

80
Q

local anesthetics: myelinated vs unmyelinated nerves

A

m: affected before unm.

larger and more myelinated=less sensitive

81
Q

conduction velocity

A

the greater the velocity of the action potential the faster the onset and the less sensitive the nerve

82
Q

firing frequency

A

increased firing rate the more sensitive the nerve

83
Q

sensory or motor fibers more sensitive?

84
Q

main SE of local anesthetics

A 
CNS
PNS
CV
hypersensitivty
localized toxicity
85
Q

amides or esters more likely to cause allergic rxn?

86
Q

CV SE of local anesthetics

A

arrhythmias

vasodilation–hypoTN

87
Q

prilocaine uniqu

A

methemoglobinemia

highest rate of clearance

88
Q

how can you reverse toxicity of lipid-soluble drugs?

A

administraiton of lipids

89
Q

worst drug for CV SE

A

bupivicaine

90
Q

procaine drug interactions

A

metabolic product PABA inhibits culfonamides

91
Q

how do we measure potency of local anesthetics?

A

compared to procaine

92
Q

procaine general

A

short acting

infiltration, diagnostic

93
Q

tetracaine general

A

long but slow duration

ophtho, spinal

94
Q

benzocaine general

A

topical–pruritus

95
Q

lidocaine general

A

intermediate

infiltration, epidural

96
Q

risk with lidocaine

A

TNS–no spinal anesthesia

97
Q

ropivicaine general

A

long acting
enantiomer of bupivicaine
peripheral, epidural

98
Q

ropivicaine vs bupivicaine

A

ropivicaine: less CV toxicity

less lipid soluble

99
Q

prilocaine general

A

intermediate

dentistry

100
Q

prilocaine CI

A

CVD

respiratory dz

101
Q

etidocaine general

A

long duration

affects motor nerves

102
Q

articaine general

A

amide-type but has ester group

dental

103
Q

SE of articaine

A

persistent paresthesias

104
Q

dibucaine general

A

used to test for butyrycholinesterase deficiency

105
Q

who has low butyrycholinesterase levels?

A

elderly
pregnant
children
parturition

106
Q

baclofen MOA

A

GABAa agonist–hyperpolarize neurons–inhibit excitatory NTs

107
Q

baclofen use

A

chronic spasticity

108
Q

route of baclofen

A

oral

intrathecal pump

109
Q

SE of baclofen

A

drowsy
mm weakness
increase seizures in epilepsy

110
Q

diazepam use for muscle relaxant

A

local muscle trauma
adjunct in chronic
*sedation

111
Q

tizanidine MOA

A

clonidine analogue

alpha2 agonist

112
Q

tizanidine use

A

chronic due to SC injury

acute mm spasms

113
Q

SE of tizanidine

A

hypotension
sedatopm
mm weakness, falls-elderly

114
Q

cyclobenazaprine MOA

A

sedative at level of brainstem w/ cholinergic activity

115
Q

cyclobenazaprine use

A

temporary- trauma/sprain

116
Q

SE of cyclobenazaprine

A

confusion

transient visual hallucinations

117
Q

carisoprodol MOA

A

metabolized to meprobamate

sedating

118
Q

carisoprodol issues

A

short-term tx for anxiety–abuse potential

119
Q

SE of carisoprodol

A

chronic=induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes

120
Q

dantrolene MOA

A

direct action on the muscle- interferes with release of Ca2+

121
Q

dantrolene use

A 
malignant hyperthermia (general anesthetics)
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (antipsychotics)
122
Q

botulinum toxin MOA

A

blocks release of ACh

Pharm (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions