ABI Review BPT10 Flashcards
What is a stroke?
A stroke is defined as a syndrome consisting of rapidly developing signs of focal disturbance of cerebral functions lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than a vascular origin.
- can be ischemic (80%) or hemmorhagic (15%)
What are the characteristics of an Ichemic stroke?
- decrease in O2 in specific region of brain
- 80% of stroke
What are the characteristics of an Haemorrhage stroke?
- Too much blood in certain areas due to change of pH
How long is the acute state of a stroke?
Hyperacute phase : 24h
Acute phase : 7days
Early sub acute : 3months
Total acute phase : 6-8 weeks
What are the two main causes of an acute state of stroke?
The acute state of stroke can be caused by either ischemia (80%) or hemorrhage (15%). It can last between 6 to 8 weeks, and after this period, signs of an upper motor neuron (UMN) can be seen in the contralateral body hemisphere during almost all activities of daily living.
Where are the upper motor neurons located and what is their function?
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are located in the motor cortex of the brain and send signals to the lower motor neurons (LMNs), which are located in the spinal cord. The signals sent by the UMNs control the body’s muscles and movement.
What are some conditions that can result in damage to upper motor neurons? What does it affect?
Stroke and TBI are conditions that can result in damage to upper motor neurons.
-> Damage to UMNs can lead to loss of movement control and other motor deficits.
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and what are its characteristics?
= A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary interruption of blood flow in a specific branch of a cerebral artery. =”minor srokes”
- The symptoms produced by a TIA do not last over 72 hours. It is considered a warning sign that can lead to the development of a stroke.
What is a cryptogenic stroke and what are its characteristics?
= A cryptogenic stroke includes all strokes that cannot be traced to a specific cause such as a clot or vessel rupture.
=>The interruption of blood flow in a cryptogenic stroke causes permanent neuronal damage and cognitive symptoms.
- Causes : cardiovascular events, anatomical changes => affect the permeability of blood vessels.
About TBI
What is a Contusion?
= encephalic damage due to external forces (trauma), that dvlp a hematoma
About TBI
What is a Concussion?
= most common traumatic encephalic diffuse lesion in different spot.
=> caused by forces of inertia => internal forces
- can lead to LoC & amnesia, resolving w/ time
- around 50% unreported concussion in sports
What is a Post-concussion syndrome?
Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of persistent symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).
When sympts of concussion last more than 2-3 weeks
What are the symptoms of a severe concussion?
- HD
- Nausea
- LoC
- Poor cognitive performance
- Attention deficit
- Orientation deficit
What are the symptoms of a PCS?
- Physical : HD, nausea, fatigue, vision changes
- Emotional : Incr. anxiety, emotional lability
- Cognitive : language imp, amnesia, attention deficit
- Sleep wake disturbances
About TBI
What is the usual recovery time for a concussion?
2-3 weeks
About TBI
What is a Epidural haemorrhage (EDH) & its characteristics ?
= is a collection of blood at 1 point that forms between your skull and the dura mater
- arterial blood
- concave/convex
- sympts depends on size of lesion & time until rescue, going from small neurological symp to death BUT sympt appear quickly
1. If Non-depressive fracture : ICP incr. -> collapse of ventricles -> deviation of midline -> compression of subcortical areas -> compression of brainstem -> LoC
2. If Depressive fracture : Incr. ICP; bone fragments & Intracranial air (=> Incr. infection risk)
Can only be caused by a contusion
