ABDOMEN, PELVIS & PERINEUM Flashcards
Describe the identifying features of the lumbar vertebrae
Large size, kidney shaped body
short and broad (blunt, quadrilateral) spinous processes
Thin and long transverse processes (horizontal from L1-3, incline superiorly in L4 and 5)
Vertebral foramen = triangular shape (larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical)
Where are the mammillary and accessory processes found on the lumbar vertebrae?
Mammillary = end of superior articular process
Accessory = base of transverse processes
Describe the characteristics of the sacrum.
single triangular shaped bone made up of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
apex points inferiorly and articulates with the coccyx
2 large L shaped facets on each lateral side that articulate with the pelvic bones (sacroiliac joint)
four pairs of anterior and posterior sacral foramina for ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves S1-S4
what is the pubic arch formed by?
inferior pubic rami of the conjoined pubic bones as they diverge from the midline
What structure forms the posterior margin of the pelvic inlet?
sacral promontory (and portions of the ala)
Describe the iliolumbar ligament
ligament from transverse process of L5 to inner lip of posterior portion of the iliac spine - stabilises the articulation of L5 to S1
Describe the lumbosacral ligament
ligament from transverse process of L5 to ala of sacrum - stabilises the articulation of L5 to S1
what type of joints occur between adjacent inferior and superior articular processes of the vertebrae
zygapophysial joints
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Synovial
What 3 ligaments stabilise the sacro-iliac joint?
Anterior sacroiliac ligament - runs anteriorly and inferiorly to the joint
Interosseous sacro-iliac liagment (strongest) - runs posteriorsuperior to the joint
Posterior sacroiliac ligament - cover interosseous sacroiliac ligament
which 2 ligaments stabilise the pubic symphysis?
Superior pubic ligament - above the joint
Inferior pubic ligament - below the joint
What are the surfaces of the pubic symphysis joint covered with?
Hyaline cartilage
How would you sex a male vs female pelvic girdle?
Pelvic inlet round and larger in women, heart shaped in men
Subpubic angle - larger in women, smaller in men
where does the inguinal ligament run?
ASIS –> pubic tubercle
What does the inguinal canal contain in men?
Spermatic cord
Genitofemoral nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
What does the inguinal canal contain in women?
Round uterine ligament
Genitofemoral nerve
ilioinguinal nerve
Where is the deep inguinal ring located?
1 cm superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament (between ASIS and pubic tubercle)
1cm lateral to epigastric vessels
What structure makes up the deep inguinal ring
transversalis fascia
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
superior and medial to the pubic tubercle
What structure makes up the superficial inguinal ring?
evagination of the external oblique muscle
Where would an indirect hernia be felt in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Indirect hernias protrude through the deep inguinal ring and follow through the canal and so would be felt lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
Where would a direct hernia be felt in relation the the inferior epigastric vessels?
Direct hernia protrude through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (not the deep inguinal ring) and would be felt medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
What is the difference between direct and indirect inguinal hernias?
Direct - peritoneal sac/bowel protrudes into the inguinal canal through the posterior wall (does not enter the scrotum) (acquired - usually due to weakness in abdominal wall)
Indirect - peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring - can follow the canal and through the superficial ring into the scrotum (congenital)
What planes divide the quadrants of the abdomen?
transumbilical plane horixonatally, midline vertically
