Abdomen, Diaphragm, Pelvic Cavity

Question 1

Trunk Cavities

Answer 1

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 2

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 2

• upper border = superior thoracic aperture
• lower border = inferior thoracic aperture
• floor = diaphragm

Question 3

Rib Classification

Answer 3

• true (1-7) = attach to sternum independently
• flase (8-10) = join together to attach to sternum
• floating (11-12) = do not attach to sternum

Question 4

Scapular Levels

Answer 4

• superior angle = T2
• root of spine = T3
• inferior angle = T7

Question 5

Costovertebral (CV) Joint

Answer 5

• b/w rib and vertebral body
• upper head of rib articulates w/ superior vertebra
• lower head of rib articulates w/ inferior vertebra

Question 6

Sternocostal Joint

Answer 6

• b/w sternum and costal cartilages
• upper 7
• 1st = fibrocartilaginous
• 2-7 = synovial

Question 7

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 7

• heart shaped vertebral body
• smaller vertebral foramen
• nearly vertical articular facets
• long, sloped downward SP
• demifacets for articulation w/ head of ribs

Question 8

Rule of 3’s for Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 8

• T1-T3 = SP and TP are in the same plane as the vertebral body
• T4-T6 = SP hand over intervertebral space below, TP is 1/2” superolateral
• T7-T9 = SP over body of vertebra below, TP is 1” superolateral
• T10-T12 = SP and TP are in the same plane as the vertebral body

Question 9

Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior

Answer 9

assist with elevation/depression of ribs during forced breathing

Question 10

Thoracic Arterial Supply

Answer 10

• mostly segmental … arteries come off thoracic aorta at each vertebral level
• internal thoracic arteries come off subclavian artery
• intercostal artery and nerve travel in subcostal groove

Question 11

Trunk Dermatomes

Answer 11

• segmental
• T2 = axilla
• T4 = nipple
• T6 = xiphoid process
• T10 = umbilicus

Question 12

Diaphragm

Answer 12

• main muscle of inspiration
• double dome (right and left)
• inserts and originates onto itself via central tendon
• 3 openings
• connections to arcuate ligaments, crural fibers, psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum

Question 13

Structures Passing Through Diaphragm

Answer 13

• T8 = inferior vena cava (IVC)
• T10 = esophagus, vagus nerve
• T12 = aorta, thoracic duct
  *R to L = IVC > esophagus > aorta

Question 14

Abdominal Aorta

Answer 14

splits at L4 into left and right common iliac artery

Question 15

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 15

• nerve roots from cervical 3-5
• right and left side each innervate its dome of the diaphragm

Question 16

Other Effects of Diaphragmatic Motion

Answer 16

• enhances venous return from LE (diaphragmatic pump)
• controls intra-abdominal pressures (spinal stabilization, coughing, valsalva maneuver, child birth)
• parasympathetic relaxation (stress control, meditation, pelvic floor training)

Question 17

Pelvic Floor Functions

Answer 17

breathing, spine, bowel, bladder, sexual, floor of pelvis

Question 18

Hip Flexors

Answer 18

psoas major + iliacus
- join together distally to form a common tendon (iliopsoas)

Question 19

Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles

Answer 19

psoas major + minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum

Question 20

Abdominal Muscles

Answer 20

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

Question 21

Fiber Directions of Abdominal Muscles

Answer 21

• RA = vertical
• EO = down and in
• IO = down and out
• TA = horizontal