Abdomen

Question 1

There are five
lumbar vertebrae out of which first ___ is typical and ___ is atypical

Answer 1

four (L1 to L4) are typical
and fifth (L5) is atypical.

Question 2

Difference between typical and atypical luber vertebrae

Answer 2

Atypical
The transverse processes are thick, short, and pyramidal
in shape.
The body is largest of all lumbar vertebrae
The spine is small, short, least substantial, and rounded
at the tip

Question 3

A lumbar vertebra ossifies from

Answer 3

three primary centres and
five secondary centres.

Question 4

What’s Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra:

Answer 4

It is the
fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebra with the sacrum. The
fusion may be complete or incomplete
Which may lead to the compression of the L5 spinal nerve

Question 5

What’s Spondylolisthesis
In normal conditions, which parts of the fifth lumbar vertebra and sacrum interlock with each
other.

Answer 5

Spondylolisthesis: It is the forward slipping of the fifth
lumbar vertebra over the sacrum

Normally inferior articular processes of L5 vertebra interlock with the articular processes of the sacrum.

Question 6

What’s Spina bifida

Answer 6

Spina bifida: It occurs due to non fusion of two halves of
the vertebral arch. In this condition the meninges and
spinal cord are exposed and may herniate out in the
midline through the gap

Question 7

Structures Emerging through Sacral Hiatus

Answer 7

1. Fifth sacral (S5) nerves.
2. Coccygeal (C×1) nerves.
3. Filum terminale.

Question 8

What are the structures that relates with the ala of sacrom, medial to laterally

Answer 8

Sympathetic chain
Lumbersacral trunk
Iliolumber Artery
Obturator nerve

Question 9

Each hip bone consists of three parts:
And sre fused together and forms

Answer 9

ilium, ischium, and pubis
Acetabulum

Question 10

Sympathies pubies consists of

Answer 10

L&R pubic bone

Question 11

Acetabulum is a fusion of ___’ bone
Obturator foraman is the fusion of ____ bine

Answer 11

Iliac, pubic & ishium
Obturator–pubic & ishium

Question 12

Most prominent feature on the dorsal surface of
the sacrum

Answer 12

Presence of five vertical crests

Question 13

The ant. Wall of the abdomen is bonded by?

Answer 13

Above by xiphoid process
R&L by costal margin
Below by pubic symphasis, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, iliac crest
Seperated from pst. By mid axillary line

Question 14

McBurney’s line is also called___&
It runs from ___ to____

Answer 14

McBurney’s line
(spino-umbilical line)
Umbilicus to Right Ant. Superior Iliac Crest

Question 15

Where’s the McBurney’s point
And it’s relevance

Answer 15

It is a point at the junction of medial 2/3rd and lateral 1/3rd
of the line
Appendix lies deep in there

Question 16

What’s Murphy’s point and it’s relevance

Answer 16

It’s a point that corresponds to the tip of the 9th costal cartilage. The fundus of gall bladder lies deep to
this point.

Question 17

What are the layers of the abdominal wall

Answer 17

1. Skin.
2. Superficial fascia.
3. External oblique muscle.
4. Internal oblique muscle.
5. Transversus abdominis muscle.
6. Fascia transversalis.
7. Extraperitoneal tissue.
8. Parietal layer of peritoneum.
   NB: deep fascia is absent

Question 18

Umbilicus lies in the same line as?

Answer 18

In adults L3 to L4
In infant and old people it’s lower

Question 19

The skin around the umbilicus is supplied by T10 spinal segment. Therefore, visceral pain of appendicitis is referred to the umbilicus (note the appendix is supplied by T10 spinal segment

Answer 19

T

Question 20

Campers fascia

Answer 20

Campers fascia is the superficial fascia of the abdomen is continuous with the superficial fascia of the adjoining areas of the body. Over the penis, it is devoid of fat, and in the scrotum, it is replaced by an involuntary dartos
muscle.

Question 21

Most common vertical incision given in the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 21

Paramedian incision

Question 22

___ incision is used to work on the gallbladder?

Answer 22

Kocher’s incision (Right subcostal incision): It is given 2
to 5cm below and parallel to the right costal margin

Question 23

1. What is umbilical hernia?
   What are the various types of umbilical hernias?

Answer 23

Any hernia which is closely related to the umbilicus is called umbilical hernia.
Congenital, Acquired and paraumblical hernia

Question 24

What’s congenital umbilical hernia

Answer 24

Congenital umbilical hernia is the protrusion of bowel through the weak scar of the umbilicus just after the fall of the atrophied umbilical cord or few months later
Acquired umbilical hernia is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the umbilical scar in the adults due to raised intra-abdominal
pressure.
Paraumbilical hernia is the common acquired hernia. It appears through a defect, which is close to the umbilical scar

Question 25

Content of the pelvic cavity

Answer 25

1. Loops of the small intestine. 2. Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. 3. Urinary bladder, lower part of the ureters, and urethra.

Question 26

What organ secrets intrinsic factors needed for absorption of vital. B12

Answer 26

Stomach

Question 27

Among the extensions of the inguinal ligament where does femoral hernia take place?

Answer 27

This ligament is triangularin shape with apex attached to the pubic tubercle-- Lacunar lig. Others--pectineal, reflected part & ilioinguinal lig.

Question 28

The inferior part of the femoral sheath is divided into ___ By 2 anteroposterior fibrous septa. compartments and contains?

Answer 28

1. Lateral compartment lodges the femoral artery and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. 2. Middle compartment contains the femoral vein. 3. Medial compartment is relatively empty and called femoral canal. It contains lymph node

Question 29

Boundaries of the femoral canal

Answer 29

Anterior: Inguinal ligament Medial: Sharp edge of the lacunar ligament Posterior: Pecten pubis Lateral: Femoral vein

Question 30

Inguinal canal lies @ lateral or medial half of the inguinal ligament?

Answer 30

Medial 1/2

Question 31

Deep inguinal ring is_____ while superficial is ______ in shape

Answer 31

Oval Triangular gap in external oblique @pubic crest

Question 32

Contents of the deep inguinal ring in male & female

Answer 32

Male Ductus deferens and its artery • Testicular artery and the accompanying veins • Obliterated remains of processus vaginalis • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve • Autonomic nerves and lymphatics Female • Round ligament of uterus • Obliterated remains of processus vaginalis • Lymphatics from the uterus

Question 33

Content of superficial inguinal ring

Answer 33

Male • Spermatic cord • Ilioinguinal nerve* Female • Round ligament of uterus • Ilioinguinal nerve*

Question 34

___ doesn't enter the deep inguinal ring but Peirces through the canaland passes through the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 34

Ilioinguinal Nerve

Question 35

INGUINAL TRIANGLE (HESSELBACH’S TRIANGLE) boundaries

Answer 35

Medal-- lower lateral border of rectus abdomimus Lat. Inferior epigastric artery Inf. Medial half of inguinal ligament

Question 36

All the contents of inguinal canal lie within the spermatic cord except

Answer 36

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 37

The superior horizontal plane lies @ The inferior horizontal plane lies @

Answer 37

L1 L5

Question 38

Contents of L&R hypochondric region

Answer 38

Right hypochondrium • Liver • Gallbladder Epigastric region • Stomach • Pancreas • Duodenum Left hypochondrium • Spleen • Left colic flexure

Question 39

Contents of the L&R luber region and umbilical region

Answer 39

Right lumbar region • Right kidney • Right ureter • Ascending colon Umbilical region • Loops of small intestine • Aorta • Inferior vena cava Left lumbar region • Left kidney • Left ureter • Descending colon

Question 40

Contents of the L&R iliac fossa and hypo gastric region

Answer 40

Right iliac fossa • Caecum • Appendix Hypogastric region • Coils of small intestine • Urinary bladder (if distended) • Uterus (if enlarged) Left iliac fossa • Sigmoid colon

Question 41

the abdominal cavity is divided into four quadrants by

Answer 41

a horizontal transumbilical plane passing through the umbilicus and a vertical median plane intersecting the horizontal plane at the umbilicus

Question 42

The largest serous sac of the body is made by?

Answer 42

Peritoneum

Question 43

Peritoneal is lined with simple squamous The peritoneum covering the uterus is lined by?

Answer 43

Cuboidal Excited

Question 44

Difference between parietal and viseral peritoneum

Answer 44

Arrangement of the parietal layer of the peritoneum is simple Arrangement of the visceral layer of peritoneum is complex Embryologically it is derived from the somatopleuric layer of the lateral plate mesoderm Embryologically it is derived from the splanchnopleuric layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Question 45

Retroperitoneal organs are classified into

Answer 45

Primarily retroperitoneal • Kidneys • Suprarenal glands • Ureters Secondarily retroperitoneal (mesentery lost during development by zygosis) • Pancreas (except tail) • Duodenum (except initial 2 cm) • Ascending colon • Descending colon • Caecum • Rectum (upper two-third)

Question 46

Some organs are initially suspended by the peritoneal folds, i.e., they possess mesenteries but later on lose their mesenteries by a process called

Answer 46

zygosis and become retroperitoneal.

Question 47

What's zygosis?

Answer 47

The zygosis is a process of absorption of the mesentery. One layer of the mesentery fuses with the parietal peritoneum and then fused portions of visceral and parietal peritoneum are absorbed and organ become retroperitonealized

Question 48

The functions of peritoneal folds are

Answer 48

1. To provide mobility to the viscera. 2. To provide passage to vessels and nerves

Question 49

The peritoneal folds are classified into.

Answer 49

mesentery/mesocolon, omenta, and ligaments

Question 50

The fold suspending the small intestine is called mesentery and the fold suspending the colon is called mesocolon.