Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Miranda's Flash Cards > ABD Board-Neck > Flashcards

ABD Board-Neck Flashcards

1
Q

lobes of thyroid are located

A

lower part of the neck along either side of the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

normal variant extending superior to the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

thyroid appearance

A

homogeneous medium level echoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

seen as thin sonolucent bands along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

strap muscles (infrahyoid muscles)

sternohyoid

sternothyroid,

thyrohyoid

omohyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

larger muscles located anterolaterally to thyroid glands

A

sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the ____ ____ ____ is directly lateral to the thyroid lobes with the ____ ____ _____ lateral that

A

common carotid artery

internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

posterior to the thyroid

seen as a sonolucent structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae posterior to the thyroid gland

A

longus colli muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

composed of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thryroid vessels

A

minor neurovascular bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

appearance of neurovascular bundle

A

vague hypoechoic area between the longus colli muscle and the thyroid gland (posterior to thyroid gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parathyroid glands are located

A

posterior aspect of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

can help identify the esophagus that is usually hidden by the trachea

A

have patient swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

thyroid arterial supply comes from

A

superior thyroid arteries (branches of the external carotid artery)

inferior thyroid artery )branches of the thyrocervical trunk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

venous blood from the thyroid is drained into the

A

internal jugular vein via the superior and middle thyroid veins and into the innominate veins via the inferior thyroid veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

glands that regulate thyroid hormones

A

thyroid

pituitary

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gland that regulates T3(triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

A

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gland that regulates thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

A

pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gland that reulates thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

produced to stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

A

TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in increase in TSH is usually the first indication of

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

normal levels of TSH

A

0.3 - 3.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the pituitary gland is regulated by the

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lab values for hypothyroidism

A

increased TSH

decreased T4 and T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lab values for hyperthyroidism

A

decreased TSH

increased T4 and T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

50% of the united states poulation has

A

evidence of nodular thyroid disease

only 10 to 13% cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most commonly encountered benign thyroid nodule

silitary, spherical, and encapsulated

hemorrhage or necrosis within these is common

A

thyroid adenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

risk factors for thyroid cancer

A

age 60

head and neck irradiation

family history of thyroid cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

physical findings of thyroid cancer

A

a recent palpable neck mass

mass is firm and nontender

mass moves with swallowing

enlarged cervical lymph nodes

hoarsness, voice changes or caugh

trouble swallowing or breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

most common primary thryroid cancer accounting for 75 to 80% of all cases

A

papillary carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

appearance of papillary carcinoma

A

hypoechoic mass with possible calcifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

major route of spread of papillary carcinoma

A

through the lymphatics to nearby cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

accounts for 10 to 20% of thyroid cancers

often encapsulated

spread via the blood stream and distanct metastasis to lung and bone is more likely than cervical lymph noes

A

follicular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

accounts for 5% of thyroid cancers

secretes the hormone cacitonin which can be a serum marker

A

medullary carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

medullary carcinoma is associated with

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

1% of thyroid cancers

most often ppl > 60 yrs old

poor prognosis due to aggressive behavior and resistance to treatment

rapidly invades surrounding tissue causing airway obstriction

A

anaplastic carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

FNA should be considered if

A

nodule > 1 cm with microcalcifications

nodule > 1.5 cm that is predominantly solid

nodule > 2 cm that has mixed components

nodule demonstating growth

nodule with ipsilateral abnormal lymph nodes (nodes > 7mm in short axis)

36
Q

most reliable geature of a benign nodule

A

peripheral or eggshell calcification

calcifications that are fine and punctate (small dots or holes) are more suggestive of malignancy

37
Q

features associated with thyroid cancer

A

microcalcifications

solid hypoechogenicity

irregular margins

absence of halo

intranodule central vascularity

more tall than wide

38
Q

results in generalized enlargement of the gland (goiter)

diagnosis through lab findings and FNA

A

diffuse thyroid disease

39
Q

causes of diffuse thyroid disease

A

chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimotos)

adenomatous goiter

graves disease

40
Q

autoimmune thyroid disease

painless, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid in young or middle aged women

common cause of hypothyroidism

A

chronic lymphacytic thyroiditis (hashimotos)

41
Q

appearance of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (hashimotos)

A

hypoechoic diffuse enlargement with course parenchymal echo tecture

difficult to distinguich from multinodular goiter

histology will determine diagnosis

42
Q

thyroid function with goiter

A

normal (non toxic goiter)

overactive (toxic goiter)

underactive (hypothyroid goiter)

43
Q

most common cause of goiter worldwide

A

iodine deficiency

44
Q

common cause of goiter in the US

A

an increase in TSH in response to decrease in thyroid hormone production of the thyroid

45
Q

autoimmune disorders that are a common cause of goiters in the US

A

hashimotos thyroiditis and graves disease

46
Q

goiter appearance

A

multiple discete nodules

diffuse parenchymal inhomogeneity

mixed ehogenicity without normal tissue

47
Q

autoimmune isorder characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating antibodies (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins)

antibodies bind to the activate thyrotropin receptors, causing the thyroid gland to grow causing an increased productioin of thryroid hormones

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

48
Q

symptoms of graves

A

diffusely enlarged thyroid (goiter)

ophthalmopathy (prominent eyes)

tachycardia

tremors and muscle weakness

palpitations, dyspnea(labored breathing) on exertion

weight loss

49
Q

appearance of graves

A

hypervascularity of thyroid gland

audible bruit or palpable thrill(carotid exam may be ordered due to this)

diffusley hypoechloic and inhomogeneous similar to that of a multinodular goiter

presence of thyroid stimulating immuloglobins (TSI)

50
Q

untreated graves may result in

A

severe thyrotoxixosis (thyroid storm) leading to severe weight loss, loss of bone and muscle resluting in cardiac complication and psychocongnitive complications

51
Q

parathyroid glands control

A

blood calcium between 8.5 and 10.5

52
Q

an oval hypoechoic mass posterior to the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid adenoma

53
Q

what may be mistaken for an enlarged parathyroid gland

A

neurovascular bundle

54
Q

ectopic locations for parathyroid gland

A

retrotracheal

mediastinal

intrathyroid

near the carotid bifurcation

55
Q

most common type of hyperparathyroidism which is due to the developement of an adenoma associated with one of the parathyroid glands

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

suspected with increased levels of serum calcium

treatment is excision of the parathyroid adenoma

56
Q

confirms diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level that is increased with a increased serum calcium level

57
Q

occurs in patients with chronic renal failure due to increased amounts of serum phsphates (kidneys can’t filter)

all 4 parathyroid glands enlarged

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid gland hyperplasia)

58
Q

the inability to syntehsize ___ _ depresses the serum calcium level which stimulates ____________ _____ _______

A

vitamin D

parathyroid gland hyperplasia

59
Q

results from parathyroid gland hyperplasia

A

bone demineralization and cacification of soft tissue and vascular structures

60
Q

hyperparathyroidism is the most common maifectation of

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN type 1)

61
Q

lab levels for parathyroid hyperplasia (secondary hyperparathyroidism)

A

increased serum phsphates

decreased serum calcium

62
Q

exocrine glands that screte saliva and the enzyme amylase

A

salivary glands

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

63
Q

largest salivary glands and are found anterior to the ear wrapped around the mandubular ramus

A

parotid glands

64
Q

drains the parotid glands into the oral cavity

A

stensens duct

65
Q

located beneath the jaw

secretions from these glands enter the oral cavity through whartons ducts

A

submandibular glands

66
Q

located beneath the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands

A

sublingual glands

67
Q

diseases of the salivary glands

A

mumps

sjogrens syndrome

salivary gland neoplasms

salivary duct calulus (causes obstruction of the salivary glands)

68
Q

most common superficial midline neck mass typically seen in adolescents associated with upper respiratory infection

cystic dilatation which is a remnant of the thyroid gland mirgration from the pharyngeal epithelium

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

69
Q

solitary, predominantly cystic mass appearing on the lateral aspect of the neck at the angle of the mandible under the sternocleidomastoid muscle

may be connected to the mouth and become infected

A

branchial cleft cyst

most common cause of congenital neck mass

70
Q

branchial cleft cysts are a remnant of

A

embryonic development

71
Q

congenital lymphatic malformation

can occur throughout the body although 75% are in the neck

A

cystic hygroma (cystic lymphangioma)

myltiloculated cervical mass that is evidnet at birth

72
Q

cystic hygroma (cystic lymphangioma) are associated with

A

turner syndrome

down syndrome

klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

trisomy 18 and 13

73
Q

arteries on the left that originate from the aortic arch

A

left common carotid

subclavian

74
Q

arteries on the right that arise from the aortic arch

A

innominate (brachiocephalic trunk) and then divides into the right comon carotid artery and right subclavian

75
Q

true or false

the innominate veins are bilateral

A

true

artery is only on the right

76
Q

at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, the common carotid artery bifurcates into the

A

internal and external carotid arteries

77
Q

typical positions of ICA and ECA

A

ICA is lateral and posterior and the ECA is medial and anterior

78
Q

ICA waveform

A

low resistance

79
Q

ECA waveform

A

high resistance

80
Q

with ICA stenosis or occlusion the ECA may collateralize resulting in a

A

low resistance waveform

81
Q

1st branch of the ICA

A

ophthalmic artery

82
Q

1st branch of the ECA

A

superior thyroid artery

83
Q

internal jugular vein is located

A

lateral to the common carotid artery

84
Q

the internal jugular and the subclavian vein drain into the

A

innominate (brachiocephalic ) veins bilaterally

85
Q

the external jugular vein is located

A

superficially on the lateral aspect of the neck

Miranda's Flash Cards (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions