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Miranda's Flash Cards > ABD Board-Miscellaneous > Flashcards

ABD Board-Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

appearance of an abscell

A

variable

typically a complex mass (solid or cystic)

debris

septations

gas can be seen within the abscess (cause reverberation)

poserior enhancement depending on cystic componenet

most reliable:

fever

increased white blood cell count

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2
Q

in the absence of gas within a collection differentiation of adscess from hematoma is by

A

percutaneous (made, done, or affected through the skin) aspiration

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3
Q

extrahepatic collections of extravasated bile

predominantly cystic masses located in the RUQ

associated with ABD trauma, GB disease, or biliary surgery

A

biloma

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4
Q

lymphoceles are complications of

A

renal transplantation

gynecologic surgery

vascular surgery

urological surgery

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5
Q

lymphoceles are caused by

A

leakage of lymph from renal allograft or by a surgical distruption of the lymphatic channels

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6
Q

collection of urine which is located outside of the kidney or bladder

caused by renal trauma, surgery, or from an obstructing lesion

A

urinoma

appears similar to a lymphocele

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7
Q

urinoma is most commonly assiciated with

A

renal transplantation (leak in ureter)

poserior urethral valve obstruction

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8
Q

a spectrum of disorders affecting the proximal femur and acetabulum that leads to hip subluxation and dislocation

A

hip dysplasia (developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)

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9
Q

risk factors for hip dysplasia

A

female

1st born child

frank breech presentation

family history

oligohydramnios

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10
Q

hip laxity (looseness) is common at birth. sonography is performed after 4 weeks of age. How is the exam performed

3 x more common in the left hip than the right

A

both hips are evaluated in the coronal and transverse planes

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11
Q

stress maneuver where dislocation of the hip by adducting and pushing the leg posteriorly

A

barlow

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12
Q

stress maneuver where relocation of the dislocated hip by abducting the leg. A palpable and audible clunk is noted as the frmoral head slips back into the socket

A

ortolani

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13
Q

two groups of lymphoma

A

non hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), more common, effects ppl over 60 more often, either B or T cell

hodgkins disease, usually in ppl age 15 to 24

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14
Q

normal lymph nodes appear as

A

anechoic/hypoechoic mass containgging a central echogenic foci

no acoustic enhancement

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15
Q

sign of presence of perivessel lymphoma

typically around linear structure like IVC and SMA

A

sandwich or mantle sign

found more frequently in non hodgkin lymphoma

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16
Q

findings associated with non hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodal masses

fever

night sweats

weight loss

splenomegaly

hepatomegaly

cytopennia (bone marrow involvement)

ABD mass causing bowel ostruction

hydronephrosis due to retroperitoneal nodes

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17
Q

hodgkins disease and non hodgkins both originate

A

originates from WBC called lymphocytes

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18
Q

difference between hodgkins and non hodgkins

A

hodgkins - presence of reed sternberg cell and all other types are non hodgkins

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19
Q

excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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20
Q

two mechanisms that produce ascites

A

low serum osmotic pressure (protein loss)

high portal venous pressure

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21
Q

causes of ascites

A

cirrhosis (most common)

renal failure

congestive heart failure

cancer (malignant ascites)

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22
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

low protein

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23
Q

hypoalbuminemia can be a result of

A

liver failure

nephrotic syndrome

malnutrition

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24
Q

successfull treatment for ascites by lowering portal pressure

A

transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunting

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25
Q

ascites is most commonly found in

A

inferior aspect of the right love of the liver

morisons pouch

pelvic cu de sac

paracolic gutters

GB thickening is frequently seen with ascites

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26
Q

a malignancy characterized by the progressive accumulation of mucus secreting tumor cells within the peritoneum

most commonly associated with cancer of the appendix

bowel loops are seen matted to the posterior ABD wall

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

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27
Q

a procedure to remove ascites from the peritoneal cavity

A

ABD paracentesis

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28
Q

2 reasons for a paracentesis

A

diagnostically to perform lab testing on the fluid

therapeutically to relieve ABD pressure causing respiratory difficulties or pain

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29
Q

needle typically used for therapeutic (large volume) para

A

14 gauge cannula with a vacuum aspiration system

30
Q

an accumulation of fluid within the pleural space

A

pleural effusions

31
Q

two classifications of pleural effusions

based on lights criteria which is a comparison of pleural fluid and blood chemistries (protein, LDH)

A

transudates

exudates

32
Q

caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure which is caused by:

heart failure (most common)

liver failure (cirrhois)

renal failure (nephrotic syndrome)

A

transudative effusions (pressure infiltration)

33
Q

caused by increased capillary permeability which is caused by:

pneumonia

cancer

pulmonary embolism

A

exudative effusions (inflammation)

34
Q

symptoms of pleural effusions

A

often asymptomatic

dyspnea

pleuritic chest pain

35
Q

lableural effusions analysis typically included for p

A

total protein

LDH

cell count and differential

gram stain

aerobic and anaerobic baterial cultures

cytology

36
Q

identified with the absence of gliding of the parietal and visceral pleura and the presence of a comet tail artifact between these layers

with patient in the supine position, air can be located on the anterior medial location of the thorax

A

pneumothorax

37
Q

procedure to aspirate fluid from the pleural space of the chect

A

thoracentesis

38
Q

reasons for performing a thoracentesis

A

diagnostic

therapeutic (relieve dyspnea)

39
Q

thoracentesis procedure

A

supine but can also be done with patient in LLD

needle insertion is on superior aspect of the rib as vessels are located inferior

aspirated slowly not to exceed 1.5 liters per day to avoid hypotension and pulmonary edema

post procedure chest x ray is performed to rule out pneumothorax and compare with pre thoracentesis chest x ray

coughing occurs as the lung re expands, with inflammation of the pleura, as the fluid is removed visceral and parietal pleura rub together resulting in pain

40
Q

a collection of synovial fluid in the popliteal fossa

A

bakers cyst

commonly located in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa but may also extend downward into the calf muscles

41
Q

causes of bakers cyst

A

rheumatoid arthritis

osteoarthiritis

overuse of the knees

symptoms may be mistaken for DVT due to pain and swelling behind the knee and in the upper calf

42
Q

second most common tumor of the hand and wrist

A

giant cell tumor

43
Q

most common tomor of the hand and wrist

A

ganglion cysts

simple cyst with sound enhancement

44
Q

solid masses that may have varying appearances of the hand and wrist

A

giant cell tumor

may appear cystic but with no acoustic enhancement

45
Q

two longitudinally oriented muscles extending from the zyphoid process to the pubic bone

encased in a sheath anteriorly and posteriorly

these sheaths join at the midline to form the lineal alba, which is a complete partition of this compartment

A

rectus abdominus muscles

46
Q

result of bleeding from the superior or inferior epigastic vessels (superior and inferior to umbilicu) or from a tear of the rectus muscle

A

rectus sheath hematoma

47
Q

located midway between the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis where the posterior wall of the sheath ends

A

arcuate line

48
Q

hematomas superior to the arcuate line superficially located are

A

confined between the anterior and posterior sheaths and should not move across the midline dur to the linea alba

49
Q

hematomas inferior to the arcuate line

A

will extend into the space of retzius (retropubic space) within the pelvis causing external compression and irritation of the urinary bladder

without the posterior sheath the bleed does not tamponade as is does above the arcuate line

extensive bleeding can result in a decrease in hematocrit and hypovolemic shock but most rectus sheath hematomas are self limiting

50
Q

resctus sheath hematomas occur due to

A

external trauma

trauma from surgery

vigorus muscle contraction

valsalva with severe caughing/vomiting

pregnancy

51
Q

rectus sheath hematoma is a recognized complication of

A

anticoagualtion therapy

52
Q

types of hernias

A

epigastric hernia

incisional hernia

umbilical herniafemoral hernia

obturator hernia

inguinal hernia

indirect inguinal hernia (scrotal)

direct inguinal hernia (down groin)

spigelian hernia (not on mid line)

53
Q

occurs due to a weakness on the midline of the upper ABD wall, on a line between the breast bone and the umbilicus

A

epigastric hernia

54
Q

a result of a post operative weakening of the ABD wall

A

incisional hernia

55
Q

occurs near the umbilicus due to the natural wakness of the ABD wall from the umbilical cord

A

umbilical hernia

56
Q

occurs within the femoral canal adjacent to the femoral vein just below the groin crease and is usually associated with pregnancy

A

femoral hernia

57
Q

protrudes from the pelvic vcavity through an opening in the pelvic bone (obturator foramen). Because of the lack of visible bulfing, this hernia is very difficult to diagnose

A

obturator hernia

58
Q

most common ABDwall hernia occuring more often in men than women

A

inguinal hernia

59
Q

follows the inguinal canal descending from the ABD into the scrotum. This pathway normally closes before birth but may remain a possible site for a hernia inlater life. Sometimes the hernia sac may protrude into the scrotum.

A

indirect inguinal hernia

60
Q

occurs slightly to the inside of the site of the indirect hernia, in an area where the ABD wall is naturally slightly thinner. It rarely will protrude into the scrotum.

A

direct inguinal hernia

61
Q

occurs along the edge of the rectus abdoninus muscle through the spigelian fascia, which is several inches lateral to the middle of the ABD

A

spigelian hernia

62
Q

four patterns of muscle fiber organization (skeletal muscle)

A

parallell (fusiform)

convergent (triangular)

pennate

circular

63
Q

long axis of muscle fibers runs with longitudinal axis of muscle (examples are biceps, sartorius)

A

parallell (fusiform)

64
Q

muscle fibers converge toward a single tendon (examples are pectoralis major)

A

convergent (triangular)

65
Q

muscle fibers branch from central tendon diagonally (feather like) (examples are rectus femoris and deltoid)

A

pennate***

66
Q

muscle fibers are arranged in concentric rings (examples are obicularis oris)

A

circular

67
Q

OSHA

A

occupational safety and health adimnistation

68
Q

because of significant health risk associated with exposure to viruses and other micro organisms that cause blood borne diseases OSHA made

A

occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens standard in 1991

69
Q

primary concern for blood born pathogens

A

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

hepatitis B and C

70
Q

infectious microorganisms present in blood that can cause disease in humans

A

bloodborne pathogens

71
Q

an approach to infection control to treat all human blood and body fluids as if they were known to be infectious

A

universal precautions

72
Q

healthcare associated (acquired) infections (HAI’s)

A

central line associated bloodstream infections (91% of patients)

catheter associated urinary tract infections (77% of patients)

ventilator associated pneumonia (95% of patients)

surgical site infections

Miranda's Flash Cards (14 decks)

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