Aaron Jennings Chapter 7b Vocab Flashcards
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Concept
A mental image or best example of a category. Nothing new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Proto type
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone algorithms
Heuristic
A sudden and often not realization of a solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy based solutions
Insight
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Creativity
The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and take nor or distort contradictory evidence
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem and one particular way, I often a way that has been successful in the past
Mental set
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem-solving
Functional fixedness
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on other availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Overconfidence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Belief perseverance
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Intuition
The way an issue is posed; how it is she was framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Framing
Are spoken, written, or sign words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning
Language
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
Morpheme
And language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences and given language; also the study of meaning
Semantics
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Beginning at about four months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Babbling stage
The stage and speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
One-word stage
Beginning at about age to the stage and speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
Two word stage
Early speech states in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
Telegraphic speech
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic determinism
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognition
