Aaron Jennings Chapter 4 Vocab

Question 1

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

Answer 2

Bottom - up processing

Question 3

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Answer 3

Top – down processing

Question 4

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Answer 4

Selective attention

Question 5

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 5

Inattentional blindness

Question 6

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Answer 6

Change blindness

Question 7

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

Answer 7

Psychophysics

Question 8

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Answer 8

Absolute threshold

Question 9

Hey Siri predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that the Texan depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

Answer 9

Signal detection theory

Question 10

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Answer 10

Subliminal

Question 11

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Answer 11

Priming

Question 12

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the different thresholds as just noticeable difference

Answer 12

Difference threshold

Question 13

The principal that to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

Answer 13

Webbers law

Question 14

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Answer 14

Sensory adaptation

Question 15

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Answer 15

Sensation

Question 16

Conversion of one form of energy into another. And sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sites sounds and smells into neural impulses are grains can interpret

Answer 16

Transduction

Question 17

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next

Answer 17

Wavelength

Question 18

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

Answer 18

Hue

Question 19

Amount of energy in a light or soundwave which we perceive as brightness or loudness

Answer 19

Intensity

Question 20

The adjustable opening in the center of the eyes through which light enters

Answer 20

Pupil

Question 21

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Answer 21

Iris

Question 22

The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Answer 22

Lens

Question 23

The light-sensitive inner surface of the earth, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Answer 23

Retina

Question 24

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Answer 24

Accommodation

Question 25

Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray necessary for peripheral and twilight Vison When cones do not respond

Answer 25

Rods

Question 26

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions.

Answer 26

Cones

Question 27

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Answer 27

Optic nerve

Question 28

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

Answer 28

Blind spot

Question 29

The central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

Answer 29

Fovea

Question 30

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific figures of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Answer 30

Feature detectors

Question 31

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Answer 31

Parallel processing

Question 32

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to read, one to green, once a blue which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

Answer 32

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Question 33

Theory that opposing retinal processes inable color vision.

Answer 33

Opponent process theory

Question 34

The sense or act of hearing

Answer 34

Audition

Question 35

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Answer 35

Frequency

Question 36

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Answer 36

Pitch

Question 37

The chamber between the eardrum in the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Answer 37

Middle ear

Question 38

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through with soundwaves trigger nerve impulses

Answer 38

Cochlea

Question 39

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea semicircular Canal's and vestibular sacs

Answer 39

Inner ear

Question 40

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Answer 40

Place theory

Question 41

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it's pitch

Answer 41

Frequency theory

Question 42

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

Answer 42

Conduction hearing loss

Question 43

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

Answer 43

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 44

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Answer 44

Cochlear implant

Question 45

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Answer 45

Kinesthesis

Question 46

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Answer 46

Vestibular sense

Question 47

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The gate is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is close by the activity in large fibers or my information coming from the brain

Answer 47

Gate – control theory

Question 48

The principle that one sends me influence another, as when the smell of food influences it's taste

Answer 48

Sensory interaction

Question 49

And organize the whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Answer 49

Gestalt

Question 50

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Answer 50

Figure – ground

Question 51

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Answer 51

Grouping

Question 52

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although images that strike the retina are two dimensional

Answer 52

Depth perception

Question 53

A laboratory device for testing depth perception and infants and young animals

Answer 53

Visual cliff

Question 54

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

Answer 54

Binocular cues

Question 55

Hey my macular queue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retina in the two eyes the brain computes distance the greater the disparity between two images the closer the object

Answer 55

Retinal disparity

Question 56

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either Eye alone

Answer 56

Monocular cues

Question 57

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off and quick succession

Answer 57

Phi phenomenon

Question 58

Perceiving objects as unchanging are consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color even as illumination and retinal images change

Answer 58

Perceptual constancy

Question 59

Receiving familiar objects is having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Answer 59

Color constancy

Question 60

InVision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Answer 60

Perceptual adaptation

Question 61

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Answer 61

Perceptual set

Question 62

The controversial complain that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Answer 62

Extrasensory perception

Question 63

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Answer 63

Parapsychology