A4.2 Ecological Niches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some of the biotic and abiotic elements for ecological niches?

A
  • Zones of tolerance for abiotic variables determine the habitat of a species.
  • Food supply is a (biotic element) that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Species become specialist in sourcing food by making adaptations to minimize food competition.
  • (biotic) Utilization of other species to provide a diverse range of services, pollination of flowers or nesting sites in tree holes.
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2
Q

Where do conditions for anoxic habitats occur?

A

Swamps, Water-logged soil, deep lakes or seas.

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3
Q

Obligate aerobe (definition and example):

A

Oxygen must be available for aerobic respiration.
Ex: All plants and animals, (Micrococcus Luteus).

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4
Q

Obligate anaerobe definition + example

A

Conditions must be anoxic as oxygen kills the organism.
Ex: Tetanus Bacterium, Methanogenic archae.

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5
Q

Facultative Anaerobe definition + example:.

A
  • Oxygen is used if available but anoxic conditions are tolerated, Escherichia Coli, Saccharomyces
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6
Q

What groups of organisms use photosynthesis?

A
  • Plants - Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
  • Eukaryotic algae - including rocky shore seaweeds and unicellular algae such as chlorella.
  • Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) and several bacteria groups.
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7
Q

In how many domains does photosynthesis occur in?

A

2, Eukaryotes and Bacteria. (Not archea)

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8
Q

Heterotrophic organisms…

A

Organisms that get their carbon compounds from other organisms.

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9
Q

Basic definition of Holozoic Nutrition

A

The internal digestion of food after it has been ingested in pieces.

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of holozoic nutrition?

A

1) Ingestion— Taking food into the gut
2) Digestion— breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones.
3) Absorption— Transport of digested food across epidermis cells to tissues and blood in the body.
4) assimilation— Using Digested foods to synthesize proteins and other macromolecules.
5) Egestion — Voiding Undigested materials from the end of the gut.

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11
Q

Some animals digest their food externally, would you classify them as holozoic? give an example of these animals.

A

They are not holozoic, spiders (for ex) inject their prey with enzymes and suck out the liquids produced, then absorb the products of digestion in their gut then assimilate them.

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12
Q

Mixotrophic

A
  • Not exclusively autotrophic or heterotrophic, for example unicellular eukaryotes that can obtain carbon compounds from other organisms or create them themselvesl
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13
Q

Mixotrophic

A
  • Not exclusively autotrophic or heterotrophic, for example unicellular eukaryotes that can obtain carbon compounds from other organisms or create them themselves.
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14
Q

Facultative Mixotrophs

A
  • Can be entirely autotrophic, entirely heterotrophic, or use both.
  • Euglena gracilis, has chloroplasts + carries out photosynthesis but can feed on detritus/ tiny ppl by Endocytosis.
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15
Q

Obligate Mixotrophs

A
  • Must utilize both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition, because food that they consume supplies them with carbon compounds they cannot synthesize themselves.
  • Protists may consume algae to obtain chloroplasts they use for photosynthesis.
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16
Q

Features of Archaea

A
  • Unicellular, no nucleus.
  • Closer to eukaryotes
  • Some adapted to extreme environments (Hot springs, salt lakes, soda lakes)
  • Extremely diverse in sources of ATP
17
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Produce energy through the oxidation of carbon compounds obtained from other organisms, obtain carbon compound from other organisms.

18
Q

Photo heterotrophs

A

Produce energy through the absorption of light pigments (not chlorophyll), obtain carbon compounds from other organisms.

19
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Produce energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals (fe2+ —> fe3+), synthesize carbon compounds from carbon dioxide by anabolic reactions.

20
Q

Saphotrophs

A

Feed on dead organic matter by secreating proteases to digest proteins into amino acids and other enzymes, the small, soluble products of digestion diffuse inside the cells where they are absorbed and used.

21
Q

Form and Function in dentition of herbivores (plant eaterss):

A
  • Large and Flat to grind down fibrous plant tissues
22
Q

Omnivore dentition

A
  • Mix of different types of teeth to break down both meats and plants in their diets.
  • Humans have flat molars to grind food and sharper canines and incisors than herbivores to tear tougher foods and meat.
23
Q

Insects that feed on leaves (beetles for example) adaptations:

A
  • Jaw-like mouthparts, tough mandibles for biting off and chewing leaves.
24
Q

Insects that feed on phloem sieve tubes (aphids for example) adaptations:

A
  • Sharp, Tubular mouth parts for piercing leaves or stems to reach the tubes.
25
Q

Insects that feed on nectar (butterflies for example) adaptations:

A
  • Tubular mouthparts long enough to reach the nevtary on the right in flowers.
26
Q

Adaptations of plants for deterring herbivore attacks:

A
  • Sharp spines (thorns on a rose)
  • Strings to cause pain (Stinging nettle)
  • Synthesis and storage of secondary metabolites that are toxic to herbivores.
  • Toxic substances placed in seeds which are attractive to herbivores due to their protein and starch or oil.
27
Q

Structural adaptations in predators and prey:

A
  • Pointed upper teeth in vampire bats for piercing prey to suck out blood. (Predator)
  • Shells of limpets on rocky shores to protect soft parts of the mollusc’s body.
28
Q

Chemical Adaptations in predators and prey:

A
  • Venom produced by black mambas to paralyze and kill prey. (Predators)
  • Toxins accumulated from ragwort plants eat in cinnabar moth larvae. (Prey)
29
Q

Behavioral adaptations in predators and prey:

A
  • Luring prey by luminescent fin ray in anglerfish (predator)
  • Swimming in tight groups in blue-striped snappers and other fish.
30
Q

Plant adaptations for harvesting light:

A
  • Dominant leading shoot —> rapid growth in height so light isn’t caste by other trees.
  • Lianas climb other trees for support —> less xylem tissue than free-standing trees.
  • Epiphytes grow on trunks and branches —> receive more light than when in soil.
  • Strangler epiphytes outgrow tree branches —> shade out their leaves.
  • shade-tolerant shrubs and herbs absorb the small amounts of light that reach the forest floor.