A2: Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Acyl Chlorides with Water:

Answer 1

Carboxylic Acid + HCl

Question 2

Acyl Chlorides with Alcohol:

Answer 2

Ester + HCl

Question 3

Acyl Chlorides with Ammonia:

Answer 3

Amide + HCl

Question 4

Acyl Chlorides with Amine:

Answer 4

N-substituted amide + HCl

Question 5

An Acid Anhydride is made from:

Answer 5

2⃣ IDENTICAL carboxylic acid molecules

Question 6

Acid Anhydride + Water:

Answer 6

Carboxylic Acid

Question 7

Name of MECHANISM between Ethanoyl Chloride and Methanol?

Answer 7

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

Question 8

If you only want to add 1 NO2 group, what is that process called?

What conditions are required?

Answer 8

MONOnitration

• temperature BELOW ⬇️ 55•C

Question 9

What is TNT an example of?

Draw TNT and name it

Answer 9

• EXPLOSIVE 💣
• 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene
• drawing is on pg. 122

Question 10

How do you get a primary AMINE?

Answer 10

when ONE HYDROGEN in NH3 is REPLACED ♻️ with an ORGANIC 🌿group

Question 11

What do you get when ONE of the HYDROGENS in NH3 is REPLACED ♻️ with a BENZENE RING

Answer 11

PHENYLAMINE

Question 12

Primary Amine ➡️ Secondary Amine ➡️ Tertiary Amine ➡️ _________??

Answer 12

Quaternary AmmoNIUM ION

Question 13

Primary Amine, Secondary Amines etc are examples of ______ AMINES

WHEREAS Phenylamine is an example of ________ AMINE

Answer 13

• ALIPHATIC like
ALI👳PHAT🎩IC

• AROMATIC ✈️

Question 14

Amines smell of _____?

Answer 14

FISH 🐟

Question 15

Quaternary Ammonium IONS form ___________ because Quaternary Ammonium IONS are ________

Answer 15

Quaternary Ammonium SALTS

Positively ➕ charged SO they hang around with Negative IONS that are near

Question 16

Quaternary Ammonium Salts are used as _______ ________

Answer 16

🐱 Cationic SurFACTants

Question 17

Cationic Surfactants are used in things like
•
•
because…

Answer 17

• Fabric Conditioners
• Hair Products

bc the ➕ charged part of the Quaternary Ammonium Salt (Ammonium ION) binds to ➖ charged surfaces like HAIR and FIBRE

• and gets rid of STATIC

Question 18

Rank these 3 in terms of BASE STRENGTH:
• Ammonia
• Aromatic Amine
• Aliphatic Amine

Answer 18

Aliphatic Amine
Ammonia
Aromatic Amine

Question 19

General equation for COMBUSTION?

Answer 19

____ + oxygen ➡️ Co2 + Water

Question 20

Define “Stereoisomers”

Answer 20

• compounds with the same STRUCTURAL formula
• but with ATOMS arranged differently
  in SPACE

Question 21

EquationS for the formation of the electrophile used in the NITRATION of Benzene?

Answer 21

~ H2SO4 + HNO3 → HSO4– + H2NO3+

~ H2NO3+ → NO2+ + H2O

Question 22

Why doesn’t BENZENE react with AMMONIUM under NORMAL CONDITIONS? (3 Marks)

Answer 22

Benzene’s ELECTRON RING RING

REPELS

the NUCLEOPHILE

Question 23

State the difference in the biodegradability of KEVLAR compared to POLYMERISED ALKENES (4 marks)

Answer 23

1. Kevlar is biodegradeable but polyalkenes not
2. Kevlar is a polyAMIDE so has POLAR bonds
3. so can be hydrolysed
4. polyalkenes are NON-polar