A2

Question 1

Order of answer

Answer 1

Personalised nutrition definition
DNA and mRNA
SNP definition
SNP example
CNV example
CNV definition
Epigenetics definition
Epigenetics example

Question 2

Personalised nutrition

Answer 2

Individuals characteristics are considered to produce targeted advice

Question 3

Why personalised nutrition

Answer 3

Everyone is unique and so they require different nutritional interventions

Question 4

Personalised nutrition characteristics to consider

Answer 4

Preference
Goal
Age
Ethnicity
Microbiome
Genotype
Phenotype

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

DNA sequence an individual has

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

How genes are expressed for example through observational traits

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

99% of everyone’s DNA is identical
Possible to have 4 nucleotides at any given base

Question 8

Nucleotides

Answer 8

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

DNA is translated to mRNA.

Question 10

mRNA

Answer 10

3 nucleotides make a code for an amino acid
Amino acids can have more than one code to code for them

Question 11

Protein

Answer 11

Amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form primary structure
Then folded to get tertiary structure

Question 11

SNP definition

Answer 11

When a nucleotide at one base is swapped for another.
For it to be a true SNP has to be in 1% of population otherwise just sporadic mutation

Question 12

Silent SNPs

Answer 12

For many SNPs this swap will not lead to a change in amino acid so will not cause a change in structure to protein

Question 13

Active SNP

Answer 13

Change in nucleotide causes a change in amino acid.
Leads to a change in structure which could result in a protein function being altered.
Such as active site in enzyme.

Question 14

Issue with change in structure

Answer 14

If enzyme active sit different shape will not be able to metabolise nutrients leading to build up of toxic substrate like in PKU

Question 15

Example of SNP

Answer 15

Aplioprotein E. If have variation 4 then have significant higher levels of LDL.
This SNP is significant in several disease progressions such as dementia ad CVD.

Question 16

AMY1

Answer 16

AMY1 codes for salivary amylase.
More code replications lead to smaller BMI.
Suggesting less leads to increased BMI leading to obesity

Question 17

Copy number variant

Answer 17

Section of DNA is repeated or deleted completely

Question 18

Deleted CNV example

Answer 18

22q11.2 - several health issues like heart defects and reduced immune response

Question 19

Epigenetics

Answer 19

Edits to phenotype above the DNA nucleotide base order.

Question 20

Epigenetic examples

Answer 20

Introns and Exons (splicing)
DNA methylation

Question 21

DNA Methylation

Answer 21

Unwinds areas of DNA so can be translated and transcribed so can be expressed.
Citrus fruit has been shown to increase the rate

Question 22

Frequency of SNP

Answer 22

85 million in total
100-300 bases