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IFT Academics > A107 WEATHER THEORY AND REPORTS > Flashcards

A107 WEATHER THEORY AND REPORTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Atmosphere
made up of?

A

~ 78% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen and
2% other gases

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2
Q

What does the atmosphere contain?

A

Swirls, eddies, currents, and waves –
like the ocean

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Atmosphere?

A
  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
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4
Q

What layer of the atmosphere contains the jetstream?

A

Tropopause

Altitude varies with location and wx

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5
Q

Where is the tropopause located?

A

At the top of the troposphere is a boundary known as the tropopause, which traps moisture and the
associated weather in the troposphere.

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6
Q

Where does the vast majority of weather, clouds, storms, and temp variances occur?

A

Troposphere

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7
Q

What is the major factor in circulation?

A

uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun

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8
Q

Earths rotation is referred to as the ______________?

A

Coriolis Effect

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9
Q

Air Circulation Patterns follow what direction?

A

Right

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10
Q

Air flows ________ around high-pressure areas, and
_____________ around low-pressure areas

A

Clockwise, Counter-clockwise,

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11
Q

________ refers to air moving horizontally from high pressure to low pressure

A

Wind

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12
Q

As warmer air rises and small vertical air movements tend to become larger, what does that generate?

A

Turbulence and convective wx

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13
Q

What is the Standard Temperature Lapse Rate?

A

2 deg C every 1000’ altitude increase

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14
Q

Stable atmosphere makes ___________ _____________ difficult

A

Vertical Movement

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15
Q

What is a Temperature Inversion?

A

An atmospheric anomaly where air gets warmer as altitude increases to a certain point.

Can result in restricted visibility

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16
Q

Define Air Masses

A

Large bodies of air that take on characteristics of the surrounding area

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17
Q

An air mass passing over a __________ surface is warmed from below and
convective currents form causing the air to rise

A

Warmer

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18
Q

An air mass passing over a _________ surface does not form convective
currents, but creates a stable air mass with poor visibility

A

Colder

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19
Q

What is a warm front?

A

Warm, humid air moves to replace a body of cold air
* Light to moderate precipitation probable
* Blanket type clouds (Stratus) likely

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of a Cold Front?

A
  • Cold, dense, stable air rapidly advances to displace a body of warmer air
  • Stays close to the ground, acts like a snow plow

Generally more severe wx than warm fronts

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21
Q

Clouds are classified by?

A
  • By shape
  • According to the height of their bases (Low, Middle or High)
  • According to their behavior or vertical development
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22
Q

Low clouds are below what AGL?

A

6500’

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23
Q

From _______ to _________ ft AGL is the middle layer of clouds?

A

6500’ to 20,000’

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24
Q

High clouds are above what AGL?

A

20,000’

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25
Q

Low Clouds are?

A

Fog
* Surface to 6,500’ AGL
* Made primarily of water droplets, but can include supercooled water droplets

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26
Q

Middle Clouds are?

A
  • 6,500’ AGL to 20,000’ AGL
  • Composed of water, ice crystals and supercooled water droplets
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27
Q

High clouds are?

A
  • Form above 20,000 AGL
  • Form in stable air
  • Composed of ice crystals
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28
Q

What are clouds with extensive vertical development?

A
  • Cumulus clouds that build vertically to towering cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds
29
Q

What are the Three Stages of a Thunderstorm?

A

Cumulus (mostly updrafts)
Mature (both up and downdrafts)
Dissipating (mainly downdrafts)

30
Q

What is the most violent stage of a Thunderstorm?

A

Mature Stage (precipitation begins to fall with both updrafts and downdrafts)

31
Q

What are some Thunderstorm hazards to aviation?

A
  • Updrafts / Downdrafts
  • Large Hail-stones
  • Lightning
  • Tornadoes
32
Q

What is Wind Shear?

A
  • A sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a very small area
  • Headwind changing to a Tailwind causes loss of aircraft performance
  • Low-level is most hazardous due to proximity to ground
  • Typically occurs with: Passing frontal systems, Thunderstorms, Temperature
    inversions, and Surface obstructions
33
Q

What is a critical type of shear associated with convective precipitation from a T-storm?

A

Microburst

34
Q

What is the typical horizontal diameter of a Micoburst?

A
  • Typically has a horizontal diameter of 1 – 2 miles
35
Q

What is the typical lifespan of a microburst?

A

15 minutes

36
Q

Microbursts produce downdrafts up to _________ feet per minute (FPM)

A

6000

37
Q

An Aviation Routine Weather Report, hourly weather observation by a person or
automated equipment is referred to as?

A

METAR

38
Q

Information for routine METAR reports is observed between _________ after the
hour until the top of the hour

A

45 Minutes

39
Q

METAR is reported between ________ after the hour until the top of the hour

A

50 Minutes

40
Q

________ means the report came from an automated source

A

AUTO

41
Q

_______ means the report is a corrected observation

A

COR

42
Q

__ refers to a CONUS airport

A

K

43
Q

METARs report the ___________ visibility, which may differ from the tower visibility or flight visibility.

A

Prevailing

44
Q

________ visibility will be reported in the remarks section if it differs from the prevailing visibility and is less than 3 miles.

A

Sector

45
Q

Direction the winds are blowing ______ in
degrees from 0 to 360 degrees

A

from

46
Q

METAR winds are reported as ________ ___________

A

True North

47
Q

A ____ symbol denotes a light intensity level

A

-

48
Q

A ___ symbol denotes a heavy intensity level

A

+

49
Q

VC indicates a specific weather condition in the ______ of the airport

A

Vicinity (w/i 5 and 10 statute miles from the reporting station)

50
Q

In temperature the “M” refers to?

A

Minus, so M14 would me -14deg C

51
Q

‘A’ stands for _________

A

Altimeter

52
Q

Use altimeter data to calculate what?

A

Pressure Altitude for Performance Data

53
Q

A Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is a?

A

Concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions for a 5 statute mile radius

54
Q

AMD is an

A

Amended forecast

55
Q

Routine TAFs are prepared and filed approximately ______________ prior to scheduled issuance times.

A

one-half hour

56
Q

TAFs are scheduled for issuance four times daily, what are they?

A

0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, & 1800Z

57
Q

Routine TAFs are valid for how long?

A

24 hours

58
Q

VRB would indicate?

A

Variable winds

59
Q

Forecast visibility greater than 6 statute miles is indicated by _______

A

P6SM

60
Q

BR is ______

A

mist

61
Q

Obscurations are identified when the prevailing visibility is forecasted to be _____
statute miles or less.

A

6 SM

62
Q

When clear skies are forecast what is used?

A

SKC

63
Q

Code for wind sheer?

A

WS

64
Q

For wind shear, Height is given in hundreds of feet AGL up to and including __________

A

2,000’ AGL

65
Q

The ___________ group is used when a rapid change in conditions is expected, usually occurring in less than one hour.

A

FROM (FM)

66
Q

The ___________ group is used when a gradual change in conditions is expected over a longer time period, usually two or more hours

A

Becoming (BECMG) group
(more gradual)

67
Q

The ______________ group is used for any conditions in wind, visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to last for generally less than an
hour at a time.

A

Temporary (TEMPO)

68
Q
A

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