A1 Physical Development Flashcards
What is the order of the development of gross motor in infancy+ages?
- control of head (3mo)
- sit up (6mo)
- crawl (9mo)
- stand (12-13mo)
- cruise (12-13mo)
- walk (12-13mo)
What is the order of the development of fine motor in infancy+ages?
- open hands to grasp finger (1mo)
- briefly grasp a rattle (3mo)
- turn a page (2yr)
What are the 3 differences between fine and gross motor skills?
- gross motor skills develop first
- fine motor skills require practice because they are more refined
- fine motor skills are more complex
What is the order of the development of gross motor in early childhood+ages?
- ride a tricycle (3yr)
- ride a bicycle (6yr)
- play sports (8yr)
What is the order of the development of fine motor in early childhood+ages?
- copy letters (3yr)
- dress and undress on own (5yr)
- draw detailed pictures (8yr)
What is puberty?
When a child’s body begins to change and develop as they become an adult
What are primary sexual characteristics?
- present at birth
- essential for reproduction
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
- develop during puberty due to hormones
-not essential for reproduction
What are 3 female primary characteristics?
- womb enlarges
- vagina lengthens
- ovaries produce eggs
What are 3 female secondary characteristics?
- breasts enlarge
- pubic hair growth
- hips widen
What are 3 male primary characteristics?
- enlargement of penis
- testicles produce sperm
- enlargement of testicles
What are 3 male secondary characteristics?
- facial hair
- growth spurt
- pubic hair
What are the 2 female hormones?
- oestrogen
- progesterone
What does oestrogen do?
- matures eggs in the ovaries
- maintains uterus lining
- stimulates breast growth
- regulates the menstrual cycle
What does progesterone do?
- maintains uterus lining
- prepares the body for pregnancy and birth (strengthens muscles)
What is the male hormone?
testosterone
What does testosterone do?
- stimulates sperm production
- develops secondary sexual characteristics
What happens to physical development in early adulthood?
- physical strength is at its peak
- sexual characteristics are fully developed
- full height is reached
-women are the most fertile and can lactate
What are the roles of hormones in pregnancy?
- progesterone maintains the pregnancy
- oestrogen can be responsible for sickness
- can affect the shape of breasts and areolas darken and become more sensitive to prepare for lactation
What is perimenopause?
The period of hormonal change leading up to menopause
What happens during the perimenopause transition?
- ovaries produce less oestrogen meaning less eggs are produced
When does perimenopause end?
When a woman hasn’t had her monthly period for 12 months
What are symptoms of perimenopause?
- Hot flushes — disrupted sleep and fatigue
- Vaginal dryness — loss of libido
- Mood swings — due to hormone fluctuations causing irritability
- Progesterone decreases — heavy or irregular periods
What is ‘middle age spread’?
The change of hormones slowing down the metabolism causing excess weight to accumulate around the abdomen
How are the muscles impacted in middle adulthood?
- changing hormones decrease muscle tone and strength
-the body doesn’t produce the same number of proteins the muscles require to grow
How is skin elasticity impacted in middle adulthood?
- there is a reduction and skin gets thinner and drier
- this leads to creases and lines
How are the gums impacted in middle adulthood?
- the gum like recedes causing sensitivity and infections
What is menopause?
When a woman stops having periods and can no longer conceive naturally
What does menopause involve?
- the ending of menstruation
- a reduction in hormones causing sex organs to shrink and low libido
-associated problems such as osteoporosis
What does the reduction of oestrogen in menopause cause?
- ovaries stop producing eggs
- impacted hypothalamus meaning temperature isn’t regulated causing hot flushes
- impacted health of nails and skin
- mood swings
What does the reduction of progesterone in menopause cause?
- stops menstruation
- impacted libido
How does low oestrogen affect the bones?
- it can lower bone density causing porous bones and osteoporosis
What are the effects of aging in later adulthood?
- reduction in vision — deterioration of retina
- reduction in hearing — hair cells in ear die
- high susceptibility to disease — weakened immune system
- more likely to fall — balance and reaction time deteriorates
How do physical changes cause intellectual deterioration?
- loss of nerve cells means reduction in the ability of the nerves being able to transmit electrical signals and memory or decision making may be impacted
