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A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Endocrine System > Flashcards

A&PII Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major regulatory systems of the body?

A

Nervous System
Endocrine System

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2
Q

How do our cells “know” when to alter their activity?

A

2 major regulatory systems

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3
Q

Nervous system releases…

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Endocrine System releases..

A

Hormones

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5
Q

The Nervous System and Endocrine System are..

A

Synergistic

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6
Q

What do the Nervous and Endocrine System do synergistically?

A
  • use chemicals for communication
  • bind to receptors to induce change
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7
Q

Nervous System’s neurons ________ effect target cells

A

Directly

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8
Q

What type of response does the nervous system have?

A
  • Rapid Response
  • Short lasting
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9
Q

Nervous system can target ________ tissue and have a ________ effect

A
  • generalized
  • localized
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10
Q

Endocrine System’s hormones travel via __________ to target cells

A

bloodstream

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11
Q

Endocrine System has a response range of __________ to _______ and has a ______ lasting response

A
  • seconds
  • days
  • long
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12
Q

Endocrine System targets _______ receptors

A

specific

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13
Q

Endocrine System has a __________ effect

A

widespread

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14
Q

Endocrine Organs can be _______ or ________

A

primary or secondary

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15
Q

Primary Endocrine Organs function and example

A
  • function: only make hormone
  • ex.
    -anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex, pancreas, thymus, etc.
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16
Q

Secondary endocrine organs function and example

A
  • does not only make hormone
  • ex.
    -heart, liver, kidneys, etc.
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17
Q

Methods of chemical signaling

A

autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

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18
Q

Autocrine Method of signaling

A

chemical targets itself or same cell type

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19
Q

Paracrine Method of signaling

A

chemical targets nearby different cell types

20
Q

Endocrine Method of signaling

A
  • chemical targets far away different cell types
  • a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
  • hormones were thought of as exclusively endocrine signals but can be all 3
21
Q

Signaling across gap junctions

A

A cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

22
Q

3 types of stimuli that can initiate hormone secretion

A
  • hormonal
  • humoral
  • neural
23
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A
  • hormone stimulates hormone
    -hypothalamus secretes GHRH, stimulates secretion of GH from ant. pituitary
24
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A
  • “humors” stimulate ions or molecules in the blood or extra cellular fluid stimulate
    -high levels of glucose in the blood stimulate pancreas to release insulin
25
Q

Neural Stimuli

A
  • signals from the nervous system stimulate
    -sympathetic neurons stimulate adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
26
Q

Hydrophilic Hormone 🟣

A
  • travels freely
  • removed faster
  • can’t readily pass through
  • receptors embedded in membrane
27
Q

Hydrophobic Hormone 🎀

A
  • needs extra protein
  • lipid soluble
  • can readily pass through
  • receptors in cytosol or nucleus
28
Q

Hormones circulate until they are taken up by a _______ _____ or broken down by liver or kidney.

A

target cell

29
Q

Receptors usually ahve 3 locations _______ ________, within the _________, or within the _________

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol
  • nucleus
30
Q

Receptors are cotrolled via a ____/____ regulation

A

up/ down

31
Q

What happens when we need more/ less of a hormone?

A

We can tailor the amount of receptors displayed on target cells to fit our needs

32
Q

Upregulation

A

gradually more receptors displayed on target cells

33
Q

Downregulation

A

gradually less receptors displayed on target cells

34
Q

Amine Hormone

A
  • Amino acids with modified groups (e.g. norepinephrine’s carboxyl group is replaced with a benzene ring)
  • single AA
  • usually hydrophilic, water soluble
35
Q

Peptide Hormone

A
  • short chains of linked amino acids (e.g. oxytocin)
  • several AA
  • usually hydrophilic, water soluble
36
Q

Protein Hormone

A
  • long chains of linked amino acids (e.g. human growth hormone)
  • whole protein
  • usually hydrophilic, water soluble
37
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • cholesterol derivative; hydrocarbon ring structure
  • derived from the lipid cholesterol (e.g. testosterone and progesterone)
  • always hydrophobic, lipid soluble
38
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • EXCEPTION
  • AA based BUT are hydrophobic
39
Q

True or False? Hydrophilic hormones can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

A

FALSE Hydrophilic hormones can’t pass through the phospholipid bilayer!

40
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones mechanisms

A

-One method: bind to receptors that are ion channels (influence opening/ closing)
- Most popular: second messenger system (usually G protein mediated)

41
Q

5 Steps of the Second Messenger System

A

1.) Hydrophilic hormone (first messenger) binds to its receptor in the plasma membrane
2.) The receptor activates a peripheral protein (like a G protein)
3.) The peripheral protein activates or inhibits an enzyme
4.) The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a second messenger
5.) The second messenger initiates a series of events that leads to a change in cellular activity

42
Q

cAMP system

A
  • cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • serves a vital role through activation of a protein kinase
  • phosphorylates ATP; alters proteins
43
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action HYDROPHOBIC

A
  • can freely pass through membrane
  • forms a hormone- receptor complex that usually interacts with DNA to change the rate of protein synthesis
44
Q

4 Steps of Hydrophobic Hormone Action

A

1) Lipid- soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane
2) Hormone binds with receptor in cytoplasm, forming a receptor- hormone complex
3) Receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus and triggers gene transcription
4) Transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity

45
Q

Effects of Hormone Actions

A
  • stimulating secretion from an endocrine or exocrine cell
  • Activating or inhibiting enzymes
  • Stimulating or inhibiting mitosis and/ or meiosis
  • Opening or closing ion channels
  • Altering membrane potential
  • Activating or inhibiting transcription of genes that code for RNA or proteins
46
Q

True or False? Different hormones can simultaneously bind to a cell, and their effects may interact

A

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

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