A&PII Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the two major regulatory systems of the body?

Answer 1

Nervous System
Endocrine System

Question 2

How do our cells “know” when to alter their activity?

Answer 2

2 major regulatory systems

Question 3

Nervous system releases…

Answer 3

Neurotransmitters

Question 4

Endocrine System releases..

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

The Nervous System and Endocrine System are..

Answer 5

Synergistic

Question 6

What do the Nervous and Endocrine System do synergistically?

Answer 6

• use chemicals for communication
• bind to receptors to induce change

Question 7

Nervous System’s neurons ________ effect target cells

Answer 7

Directly

Question 8

What type of response does the nervous system have?

Answer 8

• Rapid Response
• Short lasting

Question 9

Nervous system can target ________ tissue and have a ________ effect

Answer 9

• generalized
• localized

Question 10

Endocrine System’s hormones travel via __________ to target cells

Answer 10

bloodstream

Question 11

Endocrine System has a response range of __________ to _______ and has a ______ lasting response

Answer 11

• seconds
• days
• long

Question 12

Endocrine System targets _______ receptors

Answer 12

specific

Question 13

Endocrine System has a __________ effect

Answer 13

widespread

Question 14

Endocrine Organs can be _______ or ________

Answer 14

primary or secondary

Question 15

Primary Endocrine Organs function and example

Answer 15

• function: only make hormone
• ex.
  -anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex, pancreas, thymus, etc.

Question 16

Secondary endocrine organs function and example

Answer 16

• does not only make hormone
• ex.
  -heart, liver, kidneys, etc.

Question 17

Methods of chemical signaling

Answer 17

autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

Question 18

Autocrine Method of signaling

Answer 18

chemical targets itself or same cell type

Question 19

Paracrine Method of signaling

Answer 19

chemical targets nearby different cell types

Question 20

Endocrine Method of signaling

Answer 20

• chemical targets far away different cell types
• a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
• hormones were thought of as exclusively endocrine signals but can be all 3

Question 21

Signaling across gap junctions

Answer 21

A cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

Question 22

3 types of stimuli that can initiate hormone secretion

Answer 22

• hormonal
• humoral
• neural

Question 23

Hormonal Stimuli

Answer 23

• hormone stimulates hormone
  -hypothalamus secretes GHRH, stimulates secretion of GH from ant. pituitary

Question 24

Humoral Stimuli

Answer 24

• “humors” stimulate ions or molecules in the blood or extra cellular fluid stimulate
  -high levels of glucose in the blood stimulate pancreas to release insulin

Question 25

Neural Stimuli

Answer 25

- signals from the nervous system stimulate -sympathetic neurons stimulate adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 26

Hydrophilic Hormone 🟣

Answer 26

- travels freely - removed faster - can't readily pass through - receptors embedded in membrane

Question 27

Hydrophobic Hormone 🎀

Answer 27

- needs extra protein - lipid soluble - can readily pass through - receptors in cytosol or nucleus

Question 28

Hormones circulate until they are taken up by a _______ _____ or broken down by liver or kidney.

Answer 28

target cell

Question 29

Receptors usually ahve 3 locations _______ ________, within the _________, or within the _________

Answer 29

- plasma membrane - cytosol - nucleus

Question 30

Receptors are cotrolled via a ____/____ regulation

Answer 30

up/ down

Question 31

What happens when we need more/ less of a hormone?

Answer 31

We can tailor the amount of receptors displayed on target cells to fit our needs

Question 32

Upregulation

Answer 32

gradually more receptors displayed on target cells

Question 33

Downregulation

Answer 33

gradually less receptors displayed on target cells

Question 34

Amine Hormone

Answer 34

- Amino acids with modified groups (e.g. norepinephrine's carboxyl group is replaced with a benzene ring) - single AA - usually hydrophilic, water soluble

Question 35

Peptide Hormone

Answer 35

- short chains of linked amino acids (e.g. oxytocin) - several AA - usually hydrophilic, water soluble

Question 36

Protein Hormone

Answer 36

- long chains of linked amino acids (e.g. human growth hormone) - whole protein - usually hydrophilic, water soluble

Question 37

Steroid Hormones

Answer 37

- cholesterol derivative; hydrocarbon ring structure - derived from the lipid cholesterol (e.g. testosterone and progesterone) - always hydrophobic, lipid soluble

Question 38

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 38

- EXCEPTION - AA based BUT are hydrophobic

Question 39

True or False? Hydrophilic hormones can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 39

FALSE Hydrophilic hormones can't pass through the phospholipid bilayer!

Question 40

Hydrophilic Hormones mechanisms

Answer 40

-One method: bind to receptors that are ion channels (influence opening/ closing) - Most popular: second messenger system (usually G protein mediated)

Question 41

5 Steps of the Second Messenger System

Answer 41

1.) Hydrophilic hormone (first messenger) binds to its receptor in the plasma membrane 2.) The receptor activates a peripheral protein (like a G protein) 3.) The peripheral protein activates or inhibits an enzyme 4.) The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a second messenger 5.) The second messenger initiates a series of events that leads to a change in cellular activity

Question 42

cAMP system

Answer 42

- cyclic adenosine monophosphate - serves a vital role through activation of a protein kinase - phosphorylates ATP; alters proteins

Question 43

Mechanisms of Hormone Action HYDROPHOBIC

Answer 43

- can freely pass through membrane - forms a hormone- receptor complex that usually interacts with DNA to change the rate of protein synthesis

Question 44

4 Steps of Hydrophobic Hormone Action

Answer 44

1) Lipid- soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane 2) Hormone binds with receptor in cytoplasm, forming a receptor- hormone complex 3) Receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus and triggers gene transcription 4) Transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity

Question 45

Effects of Hormone Actions

Answer 45

- stimulating secretion from an endocrine or exocrine cell - Activating or inhibiting enzymes - Stimulating or inhibiting mitosis and/ or meiosis - Opening or closing ion channels - Altering membrane potential - Activating or inhibiting transcription of genes that code for RNA or proteins

Question 46

True or False? Different hormones can simultaneously bind to a cell, and their effects may interact