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A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Ch.23 Respiratory System prt 1 > Flashcards

A&PII Ch.23 Respiratory System prt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration is..

A

gas exchange of O2 and CO2

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2
Q

Where does respiration occur

A

between the atmosphere and body cells

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3
Q

Cells need ___ for aerobic ATP production and need to dispose of ____ that process produces

A

O2, CO2

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4
Q

The _______ _______ provides the means for gas exchange

A

respiratory system

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5
Q

The respiratory system consists of respiratory passages where in the body?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • trunk
  • lungs
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6
Q

What are some other functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • detection of odors –> olfactory receptors
  • sound production –> vocal cords
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7
Q

What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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8
Q

What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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9
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

transports, warms, and humidifies air

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10
Q

What are the structures of the conducting zone?

A

*nose to terminal bronchioles
includes the nose, nasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and the trachea

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11
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

participate in gas exchange

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12
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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13
Q

The _____ is primarily an organ of the digestive system.

A

mouth

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14
Q

What is the mouth’s role in respiration?

A
  • acts in parallel with the nose as a conduit for air entry and exit
  • especially important when breathing under exertion
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15
Q

The ____ ______ is connected to four pairs of sinuses.

A

Nasal Cavity

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16
Q

_____ are air-filled spaces.

A

Sinuses

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17
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal sinuses?

A
  • serve to warm and humidify incoming air
  • contribute to resonance of voices
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18
Q

Pharynx is broken up into what 3 categories?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

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19
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A
  • Conduit for air only
  • Adenoids lie in posterior wall
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20
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A
  • Conduit for digestion and respiration
  • Tonsils found at the border
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21
Q

What is the function and structure of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • conduit for both air and food
  • opens into larynx and esophagus
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22
Q

______ directs air into the trachea and food into the esophagus.

A

Larynx

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23
Q

What part of the conducting zone contains the vocal cords?

A

The layrnx

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24
Q

The superior portion of the larynx is lined with ______ ______ epithelium.

A

stratified squamous

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25
Q

Why does the larynx need to be stratified squamous epithelium?

A

because the layers protect it from food such as chips that can tear the epithelium layers

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26
Q

The inferior portion of the layrnx is lined with ______ ______ that moves trapped debris into pharynx for swallowing.

A

a mucous membrane

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27
Q

The ______ extends from the larynx to its division into left and right bronchi.

A

Trachea

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28
Q

The trachea contains ______ _______ between fibrous tissue ligaments.

A

hyaline cartilage (blue) which makes it rigid helping it to maintain its shape and not collapse

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29
Q

The ______ is the ridge of cartilage that senses solid or liquid substances and triggers violent coughing to expel them

A

carina

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30
Q

Cilated cells on the interior of the trachea form the ________ __________.

A

mucociliary escalator (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
- cilia of the cells pulses to move the mucus to spit it up or break it down through hydrochloric acid

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31
Q

What does primary, secondary, and tertiary mean when referring to the bronchis.

A

The primary and secondary refer to how often they split

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32
Q

Bronchis are…

A

supported by cartilage; interior contain ciliated mucous cells

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33
Q

Bronchioles..

A

LACK cartilage BUT have smooth muscle instead; they also LACK mucous BUT have ciliated cells

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34
Q

Features of Bronchi are supported by _______; interior contain _______ _____ ____.

A

supported by cartilage; interior contain ciliated mucous cells

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35
Q

Mucosa=

A

mucous membrane: respiratory lining
-epithelium is resting on a basemnet membrane
-underlying lamina propria made of areolar connective tissue

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36
Q

True or False Respiratory epithelium becomes thicker from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

A

FALSE; Respiratory epithelium becomes THINNER from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

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36
Q

Respiratory epithelium layers starts out as… (1st layer)

A

Starts out as pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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37
Q

Respiratory epithelium layers changes to.. (2nd layer)

A

simple ciliated columnar

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37
Q

Respiratory epithelium layers changes to.. (3rd layer)

A

simple cuboidal

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38
Q

Respiratory epithelium layers changes to… (4th layer)

A

simple squamous (alveoli for gas exchange)

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39
Q

Exceptions to layers becoming thinner from nasal cavity to alveoli

A

stratified squamous is found in high abrasion areas- oropharynx, laryngopharynx, vocal cords, supeior portion of larynx

40
Q

What is the most common epithelium in the respiratory mucosa?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

41
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is the lining of which respiratory structures?

A

it lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi

42
Q

What does simple ciliated columnar epithelium do?

A

it lines the segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, and large bronchioles

43
Q

What does simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium do?

A

it lines the terminal and respiratory bronchioles (a progressive loss of cilia is observed)

44
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium do?

A

forms both the alveolar ducts and alveoli

45
Q

Respiratory mucosa’s mucus secretions are produced from secretions of ______ _____ (white patches) of epithelial lining along with _______ and _____ glands of the lamina propria.

A

goblet cells, mucus, serous

46
Q

Respiratory mucosa’s mucus secretions contain _____ protein.

A

mucin

47
Q

Mucin protein…

A
  • increases mucus viscosity and serves to trap dust, dirt, pollen, and etc.
48
Q

About how much mucin protein is produced daily?

A

1-7 tablespoons (even more when sick)

49
Q

Mucin protein contains defenses against __________.

A

microbes

50
Q

What types of defenses does mucin protein contain?

A
  • Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
  • Defensins (antibacterial proteins)
  • Immunoglobulin A (antibody)
51
Q

The protein mucin is called ______ when coughed up with saliva and trapped substances.

A

sputum

52
Q

The lung pleura are each surrounded by a pleural membrane with two layers _______ pleura and _______ pleura.

A

visceral, parietal

53
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

directly and tightly cover each lung

54
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

55
Q

The Pleura cavity is…

A

-a small space between the layers of the lung pleura
-it contains pleural/ serous fluid (secreted by mesothelial cells)

56
Q

What is the function of pleural/ serous fluid?

A

it lubricates and provides a barrier

57
Q

True or False? Respiratory bronchioles have a plethora of smooth mucle

A

FALSE Respiratory bronchioles have MINIMAL smooth muscle

58
Q

Alveolar Ducts are short conduits of mainly ________ tissue.

A

connective

59
Q

Alveolar sacs are…

A

grape-like clusters of individual alveoli that opened from alveolar ducts

60
Q

The structures of the alveolar sacs are very _______.

A

Elastic (to expand with air pushed inside)

61
Q

The features of the alveoli are where ____ ________ occurs.

A

gas exchange

62
Q

The alveoli has a _____-______with ______ lumen.

A

thin- walled, large

63
Q

The alveoli provides..

A

intimate contact between inhaled air and blood in pulmonary capillaries that wrap the alveolar walls

64
Q

Collectively the alveoli have a surface area of ____m^2

A

70m^2 (the size of a singles tennis court)

65
Q

Type I alveolar cells are…

A
  • the MOST common (think of when gas exchange is mentioned with simple squamous)
  • connected to a thin basement membrane with a pulmonary endothelial cell on the other side (“respiratory membrane”)
66
Q

TypeII alveolar cells are..

A
  • cuboidal cells; make and secrete surfactant
  • Surfactant; reduces surface tension between water molecules lining inner alveoli surfaces
67
Q

What are Pneumocytes?

A

another name for alveolar cells

68
Q

What are Dust Cells?

A
  • alveolar (resident) macrophages; resident alveolar immune cells for “immune surveilance”
  • scavenge microorganisms and other particles
69
Q

True or False? Alveoli is not an area of the conducting zone.

A

TRUE the Alveoli is NOT an area of the conducting zone

70
Q

True or False? The nasopharynx is only involved in respiration?

A

TRUE the Layrngopharynx, Mouth, and Oropharynx can have food as well as deal with respiration

71
Q

What are the cells in the lungs that are macrophages?

A

Dust Cells

72
Q

What does not stain in the lung?

A

Fibroblasts

73
Q

What features of the lung do deoxygenated blood flow?

A

1) Pulmonary Trunk
2) Pulmonary Arteries
3) Lobar Arteries
4) Capillary beds surrounding alveoli

74
Q

What features of the lung do oxygenated blood flow?

A

1) Venules
2) Small Veins
3) Pulmonary Veins

75
Q

True or False? Blood Flow in the lung is completely equal.

A

FALSE Blood flow in the lung is UNEQUAL

76
Q

Lungs are divided into _______ based on pressure differences caused by gravity.

A

zones

77
Q

Lung’s Zone 1 Pressure

A

Alveolar pressure is HIGHER than arterial or venous pressure

78
Q

Lung’s Zone 2 Pressure

A

Arterial pressure is HIGHER than alveolar and venous

79
Q

Lung’s Zone 3 Pressure

A

Arterial and Venous pressure are HIGHER than alveolar pressure (highest for blood flow)

80
Q

Gas exchange happens when _______ and ________ are matched.

A

ventilation and perfusion

81
Q

What does V stand for in the V/Q ratio?

A

Ventilation (air moving in and out of the lungs)

82
Q

What does the Q stand for in the V/Q ratio?

A

Perfusion (blood flow in lungs)

83
Q

Facts about V/Q Ratios

A
  • V/Q ratios vary in different regions of the lung in healthy individuals, and also under pathological conditions
  • Under ideal conditions, as in the middle of the lungs, the ratio is 1 (V1:Q1)
84
Q

Under which conditions does some air in the alveoli not participate in gas exchange?

A

Shunt and Dead Space Ventilation

85
Q

Normal V/Q

A

1 at the middle of lung

86
Q

Shunt

A
  • impaired ventilation causes collapsed alveolus on one side
    *Low V/Q less than 1 (>1) at middle of lung
87
Q

Dead Space Ventilation

A
  • Hypertension or pulmonary embolism(blockage of pulmonary arteries)
    *High V/Q greater than 1 (>1) at middle of lung
88
Q

The volume of air in regions that don’t participate in gas exchange are called ________ ______ ______. (3 words)

A

alveolar dead space

89
Q

What is another name for breathing?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

90
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

air movement between atmosphere and alveoli

91
Q

What are the two cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

92
Q

Inspiration

A

inhalation; bring air INTO lungs

93
Q

Expiration

A

exhalation; forces air OUT of the lungs

94
Q

Eupnea

A

quiet breathing; rhythmic breathing at rest

95
Q

Forced Breating

A

vigorous breathing that accompanies exercise

96
Q

_______ _____ in the brainstem regulate breathing activity?

A

Autonomic Nuclei

97
Q

When skeletal muscles contract and relax changing thorax volume…

A

volume changes resulting in changes in pressure gradient between lungs and atmosphere

98
Q

Air moves ______ its pressure gradient.

A
  • DOWN (high-> low)
  • air enters the lung during inspiration; exits during expiration
99
Q

Airflow

A

amount of air moving in and out of lungs with each breath

100
Q

What does airflow depend on?

A
  • the pressure gradient established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
  • the resistance that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

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