A&PII Ch.23 Respiratory System prt 1 Flashcards
Respiration is..
gas exchange of O2 and CO2
Where does respiration occur
between the atmosphere and body cells
Cells need ___ for aerobic ATP production and need to dispose of ____ that process produces
O2, CO2
The _______ _______ provides the means for gas exchange
respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of respiratory passages where in the body?
- head
- neck
- trunk
- lungs
What are some other functions of the respiratory system?
- detection of odors –> olfactory receptors
- sound production –> vocal cords
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
What is the function of the conducting zone?
transports, warms, and humidifies air
What are the structures of the conducting zone?
*nose to terminal bronchioles
includes the nose, nasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and the trachea
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
participate in gas exchange
What are the structures of the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
The _____ is primarily an organ of the digestive system.
mouth
What is the mouth’s role in respiration?
- acts in parallel with the nose as a conduit for air entry and exit
- especially important when breathing under exertion
The ____ ______ is connected to four pairs of sinuses.
Nasal Cavity
_____ are air-filled spaces.
Sinuses
What are the functions of the nose and nasal sinuses?
- serve to warm and humidify incoming air
- contribute to resonance of voices
Pharynx is broken up into what 3 categories?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
- Conduit for air only
- Adenoids lie in posterior wall
What is the function of the oropharynx?
- Conduit for digestion and respiration
- Tonsils found at the border
What is the function and structure of the laryngopharynx?
- conduit for both air and food
- opens into larynx and esophagus
______ directs air into the trachea and food into the esophagus.
Larynx
What part of the conducting zone contains the vocal cords?
The layrnx
The superior portion of the larynx is lined with ______ ______ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Why does the larynx need to be stratified squamous epithelium?
because the layers protect it from food such as chips that can tear the epithelium layers
The inferior portion of the layrnx is lined with ______ ______ that moves trapped debris into pharynx for swallowing.
a mucous membrane
The ______ extends from the larynx to its division into left and right bronchi.
Trachea
The trachea contains ______ _______ between fibrous tissue ligaments.
hyaline cartilage (blue) which makes it rigid helping it to maintain its shape and not collapse
The ______ is the ridge of cartilage that senses solid or liquid substances and triggers violent coughing to expel them
carina
Cilated cells on the interior of the trachea form the ________ __________.
mucociliary escalator (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
- cilia of the cells pulses to move the mucus to spit it up or break it down through hydrochloric acid
What does primary, secondary, and tertiary mean when referring to the bronchis.
The primary and secondary refer to how often they split
Bronchis are…
supported by cartilage; interior contain ciliated mucous cells
Bronchioles..
LACK cartilage BUT have smooth muscle instead; they also LACK mucous BUT have ciliated cells
Features of Bronchi are supported by _______; interior contain _______ _____ ____.
supported by cartilage; interior contain ciliated mucous cells
Mucosa=
mucous membrane: respiratory lining
-epithelium is resting on a basemnet membrane
-underlying lamina propria made of areolar connective tissue
True or False Respiratory epithelium becomes thicker from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.
FALSE; Respiratory epithelium becomes THINNER from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.
Respiratory epithelium layers starts out as… (1st layer)
Starts out as pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Respiratory epithelium layers changes to.. (2nd layer)
simple ciliated columnar
Respiratory epithelium layers changes to.. (3rd layer)
simple cuboidal
Respiratory epithelium layers changes to… (4th layer)
simple squamous (alveoli for gas exchange)
Exceptions to layers becoming thinner from nasal cavity to alveoli
stratified squamous is found in high abrasion areas- oropharynx, laryngopharynx, vocal cords, supeior portion of larynx
What is the most common epithelium in the respiratory mucosa?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is the lining of which respiratory structures?
it lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi
What does simple ciliated columnar epithelium do?
it lines the segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, and large bronchioles
What does simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium do?
it lines the terminal and respiratory bronchioles (a progressive loss of cilia is observed)
What does simple squamous epithelium do?
forms both the alveolar ducts and alveoli
Respiratory mucosa’s mucus secretions are produced from secretions of ______ _____ (white patches) of epithelial lining along with _______ and _____ glands of the lamina propria.
goblet cells, mucus, serous
Respiratory mucosa’s mucus secretions contain _____ protein.
mucin
Mucin protein…
- increases mucus viscosity and serves to trap dust, dirt, pollen, and etc.
About how much mucin protein is produced daily?
1-7 tablespoons (even more when sick)
Mucin protein contains defenses against __________.
microbes
What types of defenses does mucin protein contain?
- Lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
- Defensins (antibacterial proteins)
- Immunoglobulin A (antibody)
The protein mucin is called ______ when coughed up with saliva and trapped substances.
sputum
The lung pleura are each surrounded by a pleural membrane with two layers _______ pleura and _______ pleura.
visceral, parietal
Visceral Pleura
directly and tightly cover each lung
Parietal Pleura
lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
The Pleura cavity is…
-a small space between the layers of the lung pleura
-it contains pleural/ serous fluid (secreted by mesothelial cells)
What is the function of pleural/ serous fluid?
it lubricates and provides a barrier
True or False? Respiratory bronchioles have a plethora of smooth mucle
FALSE Respiratory bronchioles have MINIMAL smooth muscle
Alveolar Ducts are short conduits of mainly ________ tissue.
connective
Alveolar sacs are…
grape-like clusters of individual alveoli that opened from alveolar ducts
The structures of the alveolar sacs are very _______.
Elastic (to expand with air pushed inside)
The features of the alveoli are where ____ ________ occurs.
gas exchange
The alveoli has a _____-______with ______ lumen.
thin- walled, large
The alveoli provides..
intimate contact between inhaled air and blood in pulmonary capillaries that wrap the alveolar walls
Collectively the alveoli have a surface area of ____m^2
70m^2 (the size of a singles tennis court)
Type I alveolar cells are…
- the MOST common (think of when gas exchange is mentioned with simple squamous)
- connected to a thin basement membrane with a pulmonary endothelial cell on the other side (“respiratory membrane”)
TypeII alveolar cells are..
- cuboidal cells; make and secrete surfactant
- Surfactant; reduces surface tension between water molecules lining inner alveoli surfaces
What are Pneumocytes?
another name for alveolar cells
What are Dust Cells?
- alveolar (resident) macrophages; resident alveolar immune cells for “immune surveilance”
- scavenge microorganisms and other particles
True or False? Alveoli is not an area of the conducting zone.
TRUE the Alveoli is NOT an area of the conducting zone
True or False? The nasopharynx is only involved in respiration?
TRUE the Layrngopharynx, Mouth, and Oropharynx can have food as well as deal with respiration
What are the cells in the lungs that are macrophages?
Dust Cells
What does not stain in the lung?
Fibroblasts
What features of the lung do deoxygenated blood flow?
1) Pulmonary Trunk
2) Pulmonary Arteries
3) Lobar Arteries
4) Capillary beds surrounding alveoli
What features of the lung do oxygenated blood flow?
1) Venules
2) Small Veins
3) Pulmonary Veins
True or False? Blood Flow in the lung is completely equal.
FALSE Blood flow in the lung is UNEQUAL
Lungs are divided into _______ based on pressure differences caused by gravity.
zones
Lung’s Zone 1 Pressure
Alveolar pressure is HIGHER than arterial or venous pressure
Lung’s Zone 2 Pressure
Arterial pressure is HIGHER than alveolar and venous
Lung’s Zone 3 Pressure
Arterial and Venous pressure are HIGHER than alveolar pressure (highest for blood flow)
Gas exchange happens when _______ and ________ are matched.
ventilation and perfusion
What does V stand for in the V/Q ratio?
Ventilation (air moving in and out of the lungs)
What does the Q stand for in the V/Q ratio?
Perfusion (blood flow in lungs)
Facts about V/Q Ratios
- V/Q ratios vary in different regions of the lung in healthy individuals, and also under pathological conditions
- Under ideal conditions, as in the middle of the lungs, the ratio is 1 (V1:Q1)
Under which conditions does some air in the alveoli not participate in gas exchange?
Shunt and Dead Space Ventilation
Normal V/Q
1 at the middle of lung
Shunt
- impaired ventilation causes collapsed alveolus on one side
*Low V/Q less than 1 (>1) at middle of lung
Dead Space Ventilation
- Hypertension or pulmonary embolism(blockage of pulmonary arteries)
*High V/Q greater than 1 (>1) at middle of lung
The volume of air in regions that don’t participate in gas exchange are called ________ ______ ______. (3 words)
alveolar dead space
What is another name for breathing?
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
air movement between atmosphere and alveoli
What are the two cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
inhalation; bring air INTO lungs
Expiration
exhalation; forces air OUT of the lungs
Eupnea
quiet breathing; rhythmic breathing at rest
Forced Breating
vigorous breathing that accompanies exercise
_______ _____ in the brainstem regulate breathing activity?
Autonomic Nuclei
When skeletal muscles contract and relax changing thorax volume…
volume changes resulting in changes in pressure gradient between lungs and atmosphere
Air moves ______ its pressure gradient.
- DOWN (high-> low)
- air enters the lung during inspiration; exits during expiration
Airflow
amount of air moving in and out of lungs with each breath
What does airflow depend on?
- the pressure gradient established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
- the resistance that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall
