A&PII Ch. 26 Digestive System Flashcards
What are the two categories of the digestive system?
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract and Accessory Digestive Organs
Organs of the GI Tract
form a continuous tube lined with a mucous membrane
* oral cavity and pharynx
* esophagus and stomach
* small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Within the _____ (inner opening), food broken down into smaller components to be absorbed
lumen
Functions of Accessory Digestive Organs
- assist in breakdown of foods
- some produce secretions that empty into the GI tract
What structures/ organs are included in the Accessory Digestive Organs category?
Salivary Glands, Liver, Teeth and Tongue, Gallbladder, Exocrine Pancreas
Salivary Glands
saliva production
Liver
production of bile
Teeth and Tongue
participate in chewing and swallowing
Gallbladder
concentrates and stores liver secretions
Exocrine Pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes
The Digestive Tract generally consists of what 4 layers (bottom to top)?
She -> Serosa Layer
Might -> Muscularis Externa Layer
Spit -> Submucosa Layer
Mucus -> Mucosa Layer
Mucosa layer of the Digestive Tract
- closest to the lumen has 3 sublayers (epithelial tissue, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
Submucosa layer of the Digestive Tract
- secretions
- location of glands
- Contains nerves, circulatory, and lymphatics
Muscularis Externa layer of the Digestive Tract
*motility
* mostly muscle tissue
* mixing, moving material through GI Tract
* houses inner circular layer, myenteric nerve plexus, and outer longitudinal layers
Serosa layer of the Digestive Tract
- connections
- contiguous with mesenteries
- contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
____________ is a major digestive process
Motility
Propulsion
same as peristalsis a type of motility (pinches to mix) that uses coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation wavelike movements (bolus moves forward)
Mixing
- a type of motility that stimulates muscle contractions, back and forth movemnets
- bolus gets mixed with digestive secretions
Digestion can be ________ or ________.
mechanical or chemical
Digestion
the process of breaking down food molecules
Mechanical Digestion
- begins in the oral cavity
- does not break chemical bonds
- increases surface area for chemical digestion
Chemical Digestion
- begins in the oral cavity but PEAKS in the stomach and small intestine
- carried out by enzymes
- breaks chemical bonds to generate small molecules from large molecules
________ and _______ are the last of the major digestive processes.
Secretion and Absorption
Secretion
- movement of substance from cells into the lumen
- e.g. secretion of HCl into stomach to start digestion
Absorption
- movement of a substance from the lumen to cells
- highly selective process by specific region
Which layer of the GI tract contains the lamina propria?
Mucosa
In what layers of the GI tract can glands be found?
Mucosa (general glands) and Submucosa (specialized glands)
Functions of the Oral Cavity
1) Protection against physical and chemical abrasions, pathogens
2) Increasing surface area of food
3) Coating food with saliva
4) Initiation of swallowing to deliver food to the stomach
The digestive tract starts with the…
ORAL CAVITY
_________ mechanically digests food into smaller particles.
Mastication
Features of mastication
- mechanical digestion
- increases surface area
- mixes food with saliva
- under control of medulla oblongata
Incisor and Canine
Cut and Tear food
Premolar and Molar
Crush and Grind food
________ is the major secretion in the oral cavity.
Saliva
What are the components of saliva?
- water
- electrolytes
- mucous
- leukocytes
- epithelial cells
- glycoproteins
- enzymes
- IgA
- lysozyme
Main features and functions of Saliva
- ph between 6.5 and 7.5
- moistening: moistens epithelia and liquifies food
- carbohydrates: 5% of polysaccharides breakdown (salivary amylase)
- immunity: due to anti-microbial lysozyme and IgA
- nervous control: secretion stimulated by facial and glossopharyngeal nerves in response to varied stimuli
Saliva moistens ingested food to help become _______
bolus
Salivary Amylase
initiates chemical breakdown of starch
Why do food molecules dissolve in salivary enzymes?
so taste receptors can be stimulated
Saliva and Salivary enzymes
- Cleanses oral cavity structures
- Antibacterial substances inhibit bacterial growth
(lysozyme, IgA antibodies)
Anatomy of the pharynx
- tube connecting the inner ear, oral cavity and larynx
- provides a passageway for food, liquid, and air into the esophagus or trachea
_______ moves to pharynx during swallowing.
Bolus
___________ connects the oral cavity to the stomach.
Swallowing
Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing
- food contact sensors
- info sent to medulla
- motor information travels back to the soft palate and pharynx
- soft palate elevation
- nasopharynx- oropharynx passage closed
Epiglottis Bends
- Epiglottis cartilage covers the opening the larynx
- Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes (involuntary)
- Food moves safely into esophagus
Esophageal Phase
- Passageway for food, water from pharynx to stomach
- Food bolus moves by peristalsis
- Upper esophagus: voluntarily- controlled
- Lower esophagus: involuntarily- controlled
Food travels through the __________ to reach the stomach.
esophagus
Nervous control of the esophagus
- stretch receptors signal through enteric nerve plexus to smooth muscle, stimulus contraction
- efferent neurons further stimulate contraction
Esophagus Peristalsis and Gravity
- swallowing is aided by gravity
- peristaltic waves aid
Esophagus Connection to Stomach
- as food approaches the stomach, lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food bolus in
What are the several unique functions of the stomach?
- short-term, storage (2-6 hours)
*mix and grind contents with HCl and pepsin - continue chemical and mechanical digestion (especially for proteins and fats)
- Move contents (chyme) into small intestine for further processing
Stomach Anatomy
- Outer Longitudinal layer
- Middle Circular muscle layer
- Inner Oblique muscle layer
Gastric folds of the stomach
Rugae
Rugae
- found on the internal stomach lining when stomach is empty
- allows the stomach to expand greatly when it fills with food= more surface area for chyme to contact digestive juices
- returns to normal when empty
Surface Muscle Cells
- line stomach lumen and extend into gastric pits
- continuously secrete alkaline product containing mucin
- mucous layer helps to prevent ulceration of stomach lining
- protects from gastric enzymes and high acidity
- help protect the stomach lining from abrasion and injury
Mucus Neck Cells
- immediately deep to base of gastric pit
- produce acidic mucin
- help maintain acidic conditions
- help protect the stomach lining from abrasion and injury
True or False? All the cells in the gastric pit have the same digestive secretions.
FALSE Each cell type in the gastric pit has UNIQUE digestive secretion
Chief Cells
- Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)= precursor to pepsin
- HCl stimulates conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin (breaks down peptides- proteins)
- Secrete gastric lipase= fat digestion
Enterochromaffin (ECL) Cells
- Secrete histamine
- Binds H2 receptors on parietal cells to stimulate their HCl secretion
- Stimulates motility of stomach