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A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Ch. 26 Digestive System > Flashcards

A&PII Ch. 26 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of the digestive system?

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract and Accessory Digestive Organs

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2
Q

Organs of the GI Tract

A

form a continuous tube lined with a mucous membrane
* oral cavity and pharynx
* esophagus and stomach
* small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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3
Q

Within the _____ (inner opening), food broken down into smaller components to be absorbed

A

lumen

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4
Q

Functions of Accessory Digestive Organs

A
  • assist in breakdown of foods
  • some produce secretions that empty into the GI tract
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5
Q

What structures/ organs are included in the Accessory Digestive Organs category?

A

Salivary Glands, Liver, Teeth and Tongue, Gallbladder, Exocrine Pancreas

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6
Q

Salivary Glands

A

saliva production

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7
Q

Liver

A

production of bile

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8
Q

Teeth and Tongue

A

participate in chewing and swallowing

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9
Q

Gallbladder

A

concentrates and stores liver secretions

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10
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes

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11
Q

The Digestive Tract generally consists of what 4 layers (bottom to top)?

A

She -> Serosa Layer
Might -> Muscularis Externa Layer
Spit -> Submucosa Layer
Mucus -> Mucosa Layer

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12
Q

Mucosa layer of the Digestive Tract

A
  • closest to the lumen has 3 sublayers (epithelial tissue, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
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13
Q

Submucosa layer of the Digestive Tract

A
  • secretions
  • location of glands
  • Contains nerves, circulatory, and lymphatics
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14
Q

Muscularis Externa layer of the Digestive Tract

A

*motility
* mostly muscle tissue
* mixing, moving material through GI Tract
* houses inner circular layer, myenteric nerve plexus, and outer longitudinal layers

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15
Q

Serosa layer of the Digestive Tract

A
  • connections
  • contiguous with mesenteries
  • contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
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16
Q

____________ is a major digestive process

A

Motility

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17
Q

Propulsion

A

same as peristalsis a type of motility (pinches to mix) that uses coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation wavelike movements (bolus moves forward)

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18
Q

Mixing

A
  • a type of motility that stimulates muscle contractions, back and forth movemnets
  • bolus gets mixed with digestive secretions
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19
Q

Digestion can be ________ or ________.

A

mechanical or chemical

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20
Q

Digestion

A

the process of breaking down food molecules

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21
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • begins in the oral cavity
  • does not break chemical bonds
  • increases surface area for chemical digestion
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22
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • begins in the oral cavity but PEAKS in the stomach and small intestine
  • carried out by enzymes
  • breaks chemical bonds to generate small molecules from large molecules
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23
Q

________ and _______ are the last of the major digestive processes.

A

Secretion and Absorption

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24
Q

Secretion

A
  • movement of substance from cells into the lumen
  • e.g. secretion of HCl into stomach to start digestion
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25
Q

Absorption

A
  • movement of a substance from the lumen to cells
  • highly selective process by specific region
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26
Q

Which layer of the GI tract contains the lamina propria?

A

Mucosa

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27
Q

In what layers of the GI tract can glands be found?

A

Mucosa (general glands) and Submucosa (specialized glands)

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28
Q

Functions of the Oral Cavity

A

1) Protection against physical and chemical abrasions, pathogens
2) Increasing surface area of food
3) Coating food with saliva
4) Initiation of swallowing to deliver food to the stomach

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29
Q

The digestive tract starts with the…

A

ORAL CAVITY

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30
Q

_________ mechanically digests food into smaller particles.

A

Mastication

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31
Q

Features of mastication

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • increases surface area
  • mixes food with saliva
  • under control of medulla oblongata
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32
Q

Incisor and Canine

A

Cut and Tear food

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33
Q

Premolar and Molar

A

Crush and Grind food

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34
Q

________ is the major secretion in the oral cavity.

A

Saliva

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35
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • mucous
  • leukocytes
  • epithelial cells
  • glycoproteins
  • enzymes
  • IgA
  • lysozyme
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36
Q

Main features and functions of Saliva

A
  • ph between 6.5 and 7.5
  • moistening: moistens epithelia and liquifies food
  • carbohydrates: 5% of polysaccharides breakdown (salivary amylase)
  • immunity: due to anti-microbial lysozyme and IgA
  • nervous control: secretion stimulated by facial and glossopharyngeal nerves in response to varied stimuli
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37
Q

Saliva moistens ingested food to help become _______

A

bolus

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38
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

initiates chemical breakdown of starch

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39
Q

Why do food molecules dissolve in salivary enzymes?

A

so taste receptors can be stimulated

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40
Q

Saliva and Salivary enzymes

A
  • Cleanses oral cavity structures
  • Antibacterial substances inhibit bacterial growth
    (lysozyme, IgA antibodies)
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41
Q

Anatomy of the pharynx

A
  • tube connecting the inner ear, oral cavity and larynx
  • provides a passageway for food, liquid, and air into the esophagus or trachea
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42
Q

_______ moves to pharynx during swallowing.

A

Bolus

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43
Q

___________ connects the oral cavity to the stomach.

A

Swallowing

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44
Q

Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing

A
  • food contact sensors
  • info sent to medulla
  • motor information travels back to the soft palate and pharynx
  • soft palate elevation
  • nasopharynx- oropharynx passage closed
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45
Q

Epiglottis Bends

A
  • Epiglottis cartilage covers the opening the larynx
  • Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes (involuntary)
  • Food moves safely into esophagus
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46
Q

Esophageal Phase

A
  • Passageway for food, water from pharynx to stomach
  • Food bolus moves by peristalsis
  • Upper esophagus: voluntarily- controlled
  • Lower esophagus: involuntarily- controlled
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47
Q

Food travels through the __________ to reach the stomach.

A

esophagus

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48
Q

Nervous control of the esophagus

A
  • stretch receptors signal through enteric nerve plexus to smooth muscle, stimulus contraction
  • efferent neurons further stimulate contraction
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49
Q

Esophagus Peristalsis and Gravity

A
  • swallowing is aided by gravity
  • peristaltic waves aid
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50
Q

Esophagus Connection to Stomach

A
  • as food approaches the stomach, lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food bolus in
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51
Q

What are the several unique functions of the stomach?

A
  • short-term, storage (2-6 hours)
    *mix and grind contents with HCl and pepsin
  • continue chemical and mechanical digestion (especially for proteins and fats)
  • Move contents (chyme) into small intestine for further processing
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52
Q

Stomach Anatomy

A
  • Outer Longitudinal layer
  • Middle Circular muscle layer
  • Inner Oblique muscle layer
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53
Q

Gastric folds of the stomach

A

Rugae

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54
Q

Rugae

A
  • found on the internal stomach lining when stomach is empty
  • allows the stomach to expand greatly when it fills with food= more surface area for chyme to contact digestive juices
  • returns to normal when empty
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55
Q

Surface Muscle Cells

A
  • line stomach lumen and extend into gastric pits
  • continuously secrete alkaline product containing mucin
  • mucous layer helps to prevent ulceration of stomach lining
  • protects from gastric enzymes and high acidity
  • help protect the stomach lining from abrasion and injury
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56
Q

Mucus Neck Cells

A
  • immediately deep to base of gastric pit
  • produce acidic mucin
  • help maintain acidic conditions
  • help protect the stomach lining from abrasion and injury
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57
Q

True or False? All the cells in the gastric pit have the same digestive secretions.

A

FALSE Each cell type in the gastric pit has UNIQUE digestive secretion

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58
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)= precursor to pepsin
  • HCl stimulates conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin (breaks down peptides- proteins)
  • Secrete gastric lipase= fat digestion
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59
Q

Enterochromaffin (ECL) Cells

A
  • Secrete histamine
  • Binds H2 receptors on parietal cells to stimulate their HCl secretion
  • Stimulates motility of stomach
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60
Q

D Cells

A
  • Secrete somatostatin (same as GHIH)
  • Inhibits gastrin and histamine secretion
61
Q

Parietal Cells

A
  • Secrete HCl into stomach lumen
  • Maintains an acidic pH (0.8) in stomach; denatures proteins, kills most microorganisms
  • Secrete intrinsic factor (required for Vitamin B12 absorption)
62
Q

G Cells

A
  • Senses food (pressure) in the stomach
  • Secrete gastrin in response to food in lumen and stomach distension
  • Stimulates parietal cells to release HCl
  • Also stimulate pepsin (chief cells) and histamine (ECL cells) secretion
63
Q

Stomach motility performs two primary functions: _______ ____ ______ to form chyme and emptying chyme from stomach to small intestine.

A

mixing the bolus

64
Q

Gastric Mixing

A
  • Form of mechanical digestion
  • Changes semi-digested bolus into chyme
  • Churned and mixed, leading to a reduction in size of swallowed particles
65
Q

Gastric Emptying

A
  • movement of acidic chyme from stomach into duodenum
  • pressure gradient moving contents toward pylorus
  • gradient increasing force against pyloric sphincter
  • sphincter opens, with entrance of small volume of chyme
  • sphincter closes, with retropulsion
66
Q

Retropulsion

A

reverse flow of some contents from small intestine (duodenum) back toward the stomach allowing chyme to spend more time in the stomach

67
Q

Step 1 of Gastric Mixing that leads to Gastric Emptying

A

contractions of smooth muscle in stomach wall mix bolus with gastric secretions to form chyme

68
Q

Step 2 of Gastric Mixing that leads to Gastric Emptying

A

peristaltic waves result in a pressure gradients that move stomach contents toward pyloric sphincter

69
Q

Step 3 Gastric Emptying that starts with Gastric Mixing

A

pressure gradient increases force in pylorus against pyloric sphincter

70
Q

Step 4 Gastric Emptying that starts with Gastric Mixing

A

pyloric sphincter opens, small volume of chyme enters the duodenum

71
Q

Step 5 Gastric Emptying that starts with Gastric Mixing

A

pyloric sphincter closes, and retropulsion occurs

72
Q

Surface mucus cells in the stomach produce ______ mucus.

A

alkaline (to buffer acid)

73
Q

Which cell of the stomach is essential for proper absorption of Vitamin B12 from the diet?

A

parietal cells

74
Q

The small intestine is responsible for ____% of digestion, plus is a major site of absorption.

75
Q

Small intestine functions->

A
  • mix liver and pancreatic secretions with chyme
  • continue digesting of carbohydrates, proteins, and initiate fat digestion
  • absorb nutrients
  • move chyme towards large intestine
  • produce regulatory hormones
  • produce immune cells in large numbers
76
Q

What are the three main structures of the small intestine? (top to bottom)

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
Derick, Jumps Instantly

77
Q

Nutrient digestion and absorption occurs at _______ ______.

A

brush borders

78
Q

Brush Border

A

major site of nutrient digestion and absorption

79
Q

The modifications of the brush border…

A

increase the small intestine surface area by “600-fold”

80
Q

Epithelial cell types that line the small intestine

A

Columnar Cells, Goblet Cells, Granular Cells, and Endocrine Cells

81
Q

Columnar Cells

A

extensive microvilli; produce digestive enzymes

82
Q

Goblet Cells

A

produce protective mucous

83
Q

Granular Cells

A

immune protection

84
Q

Endocrine Cells

A

produce hormones

85
Q

______ ______ contribute to immune surveillance in the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s Patches

86
Q

What is the function of the ilium in the small intestine?

A

it is the main immune surveillance with lymph tissue

87
Q

Peristalsis

A

regulated contractions

88
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • hormone released from small intestine in response to fatty chyme
  • stimulates gallbladder to strongly contract and release bile (into duodenum)
  • relax smooth muscle within hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • inhibits stomach motility and release of gastric secretions
89
Q

When the smooth muscle within hepatopancreatic ampulla relaxes->

A

bile and pancreatic juices are allowed to enter into small intestine

90
Q

Secretin

A
  • released from small intestine in response to increased chyme acidity
  • causes release of alkaline solution containing HCO3- (bicarbonate) From liver and ducts of pancreas
  • helps neutralize acidic chyme
  • inhibits gastric secretions and motility
91
Q

Motility in the small intestine

A
  • Both segmentation and peristalsis
  • Slow chyme movement allows time for digestion
  • At ileocecal sphincter, chyme moves into large intestine
92
Q

Secretion from the small intestine into the lumen

A
  • contain mucous, electrolytes, and water
  • disaccharidases, peptidases, nucleases attached to microvilli
  • CCK, secretin released into bloodstream
93
Q

Secretion from accessory organs into small intestine

A
  • pancreas supplies digestive enzymes and alkaline broth to neutralize acid from the stomach
    *liver and gallbladder supply bile salts for lipid digestion
94
Q

What is the other name for the large intestine?

95
Q

From left to right (anatomically) what are the anatomical structures of the colon?

A

Sigmoid colon, Descending colon, Transverse colon, Ascending colon, Cecum

96
Q

Large Intestine functions

A
  • Absorption of WATER from remaining chyme, converting it to feces
  • Secretion of protective mucous and movement of remaining non-digested food
  • Site of bacterial colonization for specific nutrient digestion
  • site of immune cell production
97
Q

The large intestine has a _________ appearance. Their _______ contract every 30 minutes.

A

segmented
haustra

98
Q

_______ moves through the large intestine and is converted to feces.

99
Q

Feces is eliminated by _________.

A

defication

100
Q

More than _____% of chyme entering the cecum each day is reabsorbed.

101
Q

The Defecation Reflex involves relaxation of both the internal and external _____ ________.

A

anal sphincters

102
Q

Involuntary Control of the colon

A
  • stool in rectum is sensed by nervous system
  • parasympathetic relaxation
103
Q

Voluntary Control of the colon

A

“bearing down” expels feces

104
Q

Motility in the Large Intestine

A
  • mass movements move chyme in the transverse and descending colon
  • rectal wall distension and CNS reflexes initiate defecation reflex
105
Q

Secretions of the Large Intestine

A
  • predominantly mucous with little digestive activity
  • Feces that leave the GI tract consist of water, mucous, undigested food, microorganisms and slouched-off epithelial cells
106
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxifies a wide range of chemicals brought to the body through food digestion
  • metabolizes nutrients into other forms for storage or use by other tissues
107
Q

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

A

stores bile until it is needed for fat digestion

108
Q

The liver secretes and the gallbladder…

A

Stores Bile!

109
Q

Bile is..

A

a complex fluid containing water, electrolytes, and organic molecules

110
Q

Bile Emulsifies..

A

fat particles in the small intestine, making them easier to absorb

111
Q

Bile Aids..

A

in digestion of fat-soluble vitamins and neutralizes acidic chyme

112
Q

Bile Flows..

A

through the biliary tract and the sphincter of Oddi into the small intestine

113
Q

Bile is stored..

A

in the gallbladder, released upon stimulation of CCK

114
Q

Emulsion droplets of fat stabalized by bile salts in the process of being digested by..

A

pancreatic lipase

115
Q

Soapy Layer

A

bile salts and phosphatidyl choline (“Lecithin”)

116
Q

Main functions of the Pancreas..

A
  • acinar cells produce enzymes that aid in CHEMICAL digestion in the small intestine
  • duct cells produce a watery secretion rich in HCO3
117
Q

Pancreatic Exocrine glands contain ______ and _____.

A

acini and ducts

118
Q

Acini

A

grape-like clusters of exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes

119
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

secrete insulin, glucagon, and other hormones

120
Q

Ducts

A

fuse and drain into duodenum

121
Q

Digestive Enzyme Endopeptidases including trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

responsible for bulk of protein digestion

122
Q

Digestive Enzyme Exopeptidases, including carboxypeptidase

A

cleaves peptides into single amino acids

123
Q

Digestive Enzyme Lipases

A

works together with liver bile salts to digest fats

124
Q

Digestive Enzyme Pancreatic Amylase

A

Digests starch

125
Q

What are the names of some other digestive enzymes?

A

ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, gelatinase, and elastase

126
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates

A
  • Ingested carbohydrates include polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, glycogen, and starch
  • Amylase breaks down polysaccharides
  • Brush border enzymes digest disaccharides and monosccharides
127
Q

Digestion of Proteins

A
  • digestion beings in the stomach and continues in the small intestine
  • only peptides smaller than 3 amino acids are absorbed
128
Q

Digestion of Lipids

A
  • emulsification increases the surface area for lipid digestion
  • lipases (primarily from pancreas) produce free fatty acids, diglycerides and glycerol
  • these components then form micelles which combine with bile salts
129
Q

What does GERD stand for?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

130
Q

What is GERD?

A

backflow of acid stomach contents into the esophagus

131
Q

Why does GERD occur?

A
  • lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t close properly
  • causes heartburn feeling
132
Q

Implications of Chronic Acid Reflux

A
  • chronic acid reflux can erode esophageal tissue
  • scar tissue buildup, leading to narrowed lumen
  • may change from stratified squamous to columnar secretory epithelium, Barrett’s esophagus
    -increased risk of cancerous growth
133
Q

What are the causes Gastric Ulcers?

A
  • imbalance between acid/ pepsin secretions and mucosal lining defenses
134
Q

Risk factors of Gastric Ulcers

A
  • bacterial infection with H. pylori
  • chronic inflammation, use of NSAIDs
135
Q

What is a Gastric Ulcer?

A

break in the normal tissue lining the stomach or small intestine

136
Q

What are the symptoms of gastric ulcers?

A

abdominal pain, nausea, indigestion, vomiting blood, blood in stool, weight loss

137
Q

Treatments for gastric ulcers

A
  • antacids, antibiotics, and dietary changes
  • H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors
138
Q

What is Cirrhosis of the Liver?

A

hepatocytes replaced by fibrous scar tissue

139
Q

What does Cirrhosis of the Liver cause?

A
  • hepatic portal hypertension
  • compression blood vessels
  • compression bile duct in the liver
140
Q

What causes Cirrhosis of the Liver?

A
  • Chronic injury to hepatocytes due to chronic alcoholism, liver disease, drug or toxins
  • Most frequently viral infections hepatitis B or C
141
Q

What are symptoms of Cirrhosis of the Liver?

A

fatigue, weight loss, nausea, pain in right upper quadrant

142
Q

What are advanced symptoms of Cirrhosis of the Liver?

A

Jaundice, Edema, Toxin Accumulation

143
Q

What is Appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the appendix

144
Q

What is most Appendicitis due to?

A

Fecal matter obstructing the appendix

145
Q

Causes of Appendicitis

A

lymphoid tissue, parasites, gallstones, tumors

146
Q

What are signs of appendicitis?

A

appendix swells, blood supply compromised, bacterial growth, may burst if untreated, pain localized to lower quadrant, nausea or vomiting, abdominal tenderness, fever

147
Q

What happens if an appendix bursts?

A

dangerous infection, peritonitis eventually involves peritoneum

148
Q

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

A

appendix surgically removed through appendectomy

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

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