Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Ch.28 Reproductive System pt.2 > Flashcards

A&PII Ch.28 Reproductive System pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Female Reproductive System Organs

A
  • Primary is the Ovaries
  • Accessory is the fallopian (uterine tubes), uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia, and the mammary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mammary Gland

A
  • found in the breast
  • each located within the anterior thoracic wall
  • composed of modified exocrine glands
  • secretory product, breast milk
  • proteins, fats, lactose sugar for infant nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mammary gland Components

A
  • Nipple which is a cylindrical projection in the center of the breast, has multiple tiny openings of the excretory ducts, transports breast milk
  • Areola is the pigmented ring around the nipple and is an uneven surface due to sebaceous glands, areolar glands (glands of Montgomery)
  • Suspensory Ligaments which are fibrous connective band supporting the breast, extend from the skin and attach to deep fascia overlying the pectoralis major
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alveoli

A
  • secretory units of mammary glands
  • produce milk in lactating female
  • become more numerous and larger during pregnancy
  • drained by lactiferous ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pelvic Structures

A
  • Mons pubis: rounded cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
  • Labia Majora: connective tissue, adipose tissue and thickened skin
    -homologous to scrotum in male
  • Pudendal Cleft: a furrow separating the paired labia majora
  • Labia Minora: highly vascular layer of areolar CT
    -normally covers vaginal orifice, but swells and separates when sexually aroused
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vulva

A
  • consists of the labia majora and minora
  • the vestibule lies between and is hidden by the paired labia minora
  • secretes mucin, mucous lubricant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Partly homologous to the male penis
  • Consists of small external glans with deeper internal body
    -consists of a cylindrical shaft containing corpora cavernosa and vestibular bulbs
  • Rich in pressure and temperature receptors
  • Glans and vestibular bulbs are considered erectile tissue (swells/ engorges)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ovaries (What are they?)

A
  • Portion of Female Reproductive system
  • Paired, oval organs containing follicles
    -ovarian follicles are the site of oocyte production and sex hormone release
  • Slightly larger than an almond in an adult
    -size varies during each menstrual cycle and during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Features of the Ovaries

A
  • positioned on either side of the uterus, anchored by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments
  • Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves pass out of the ovary at the hilum
  • Outer cortex of the ovary: dense connective tissue interspersed with thousands of ovarian follicles containing developing germ cells
  • Inner medulla: areolar connective tissue with arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A
  • consists of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
  • support the oocyte
  • Numerous, found in the cortex
  • 6 main types of ovarian follicles representing different stages of development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ovaries Have What Types of Follicles with what descriptions? (1st 3)

A

1) Primordial Follicles
* most primitive type of ovarian follicles
* primary oocyte and a single flattened layer of follicle cells
-primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic prophase
* 1.5 million present at birth
2) Primary Follicle
* primary oocyte with a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells, now called granulosa cells
* secretes estrogen as it matures
* stimulates changes in the uterine lining
* immediately surrounding the primary oocyte is the zona pellucida
-translucent structure containing glycoproteins
3) Secondary Follicle forms from the primary follicle
* primary oocyte with many layers of granulosa cells
* thecal cells on the periphery of follicle
-help control follicle development
-secrete androgens converted to estrogen by granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ovaries Have What Types of Follicles with what descriptions? (2nd 2)

A

4) Antral Follicle forms from secondary follicle
* Primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, fluid-filled space, antrum
-in the antrum, serous fluid increases as ovulation nears
-oocyte forced to one side of the follicle
- immediately surrounding the oocyte is zona pellucida and corona radiata
-corona radiata is external to zona pellucida; is the innermost layer of cumulus oophorus cells
5) Graafian Follicle (Mature Follicle)
* forms from secondary follicle
* contains a secondary oocyte
-surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata
* numerous layers of granulosa cells
* fluid-filled antrum
* completed meiosis I
* arrested in second meiotic metaphase (metaphase II)
* one formed per month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Corpus Types (continuation of follicle types)

A

5.5) Corpus hemorrhagicum
* a temporary structure that forms immediately after ovulation
-follicle fills with blood and clots
6) Corpus Luteum
* forms from remnants of follicle
-after mature follicle ruptures and oocyte is expelled
* persists and secretes hormones if pregnancy occurs
-stimulate buildup of uterine lining
-prepare uterus for possible implantation of fertilized oocyte
7) Corpus Albicans
* formed from regressed corpus luteum
* white connective tissue scar
* most structures completely reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Folliculogenesis and Ovarian Cycle

A
  • occurs puberty to menopause
  • Folliculogenesis (follicle development) begins at puberty
    -regulated by hypothalamus releasing GnRH, which stimulates release of FSH and LH
    -produces monthly sequence of events, known as the ovarian cycle
  • 3 phases: follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • typically shown as days 1-13 of 28-day ovarian cycle
  • around 20 primordial follicles stimulated to mature into primary follicles by LH and FSH
    -unclear why some are stimulated and some not
  • granulosa cells release inhibin
    -helps inhibit further FSH production
    -prevents excessive follicle development
    -usually only one matures to Graafian follicle
  • Volume of fluid increases within follicle antrum
    -oocyte forced to one side of follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle

A
  • During the follicular phase, arrested primary oocytes resume growth, finish meiosis I and divide into 2 daughter cells
    -In antral follicle
  • One, polar body
    -Nonfunctional, receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses
  • Other cell derived from primary oocyte
    -receiving bulk of cytoplasm
    -becomes secondary oocyte
    -reaches metaphaseII before arrested again
    -completes meiosis if fertilized
    -if not, breaks down in 24 hours
17
Q

Ovulation

A
  • release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
  • occurs on day 14 of 28-day cycle
  • usually only one ovary ovulates each month
  • induced with peak in LH secretion
  • antrum increases in size and swelling
    -expands until ovarian surface thins
    -eventually ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte
18
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum
  • occurs on days 15-28 of cycle
  • Corpus luteum
    -temporary endocrine gland
    -secretes progesterone and estrogen
    -builds up uterine lining, prepares for fertilized oocyte
    -lifespan is 10-13 days if oocyte is not fertilized
19
Q

Luteal Phase Continued

A
  • Corpus luteum regression
    -causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen
    -causes shedding of uterine lining, menstruation
    -sheds lining, menses
    -marks end of luteal phase
20
Q

If secondary oocyte is fertilized and implants

A
  • called a pre-embryo
  • starts secreting human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
  • mimics effects of LH and continues to stimulate corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone
  • maintains and builds uterine lining
  • placenta produces its own progesterone and estrogen after 3 months
  • corpus luteum has regressed into corpus albicans
21
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A
  • AKA uterine ducts
  • extend laterally from uterus; divided into 4 distinct regions
    1) Infundibulum: has fimbriae that sweep oocytes into the ostium
    2) Ampulla: site of fertilization
    3) Isthmus: accounts for 1/3 of length
    4) Intramural segment: where isthmus enters the uterine cavity
22
Q

Layers of the Fallopian Tube

A
  • Outermost layer: thin, protective serosa
  • Middle layer: two smooth muscle layers; contractions serve to transport the oocyte/ blastocyte to the uterus
  • Inner layer: highly-folded mucosa lined with ciliated epithelium
    -epithelial cells produce tubular fluid that promotes gamete/zygote survival
23
Q

The Uterus

A
  • structurally divided into 4 regions
    1) Fundus (base of inverted pair shape)
    2) Body (broad region)
    3) Isthmus (narrow region)
    4) Cervix (projects into vagina)
  • Function: structure of gestation (receives, retains and nourishes fetus)
  • Anchored in place by several ligaments
24
Q

The Layers of the Uterus

A
  • Perimetrium: outer serosa
  • Myometrium: 3 layers of smooth muscle
  • Endometrium: site of implantation
    -Basal layer: permanent structure; contains arteries and acini from uterine glands
  • Functional Layer: hormone-responsive layer; grows in the presence of hormones and degenerates/ sheds during menses
25
Q

Uterine Cycle

A
  • cyclical changes in endometrial lining
  • influenced by estrogen and progesterone
  • 3 distinct phases of development
    -menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
  • Timeline based on 28-day uterine cycle
    -Varies, 21 to 35 day cycle
26
Q

Uterine Cycle phases

A

1) Menstrual Phase: characterized by menses
* days 1-5 of cycle
* sloughing off of the functional layer
* lasts through a period of menstrual bleeding
2) Proliferative Phase: dominant follicle rapidly growing; estrogen-priming for endometrial repair, regeneration
* days 6-14 of cycle
* development of new functional layer of endometrium
* overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
3) Secretory Phase: endometrium becomes vascularized in preparation for pregnancy
*days 15-28 of cycle
*increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
*results in increased vascularization and uterine gland development
*w/out fertilization
-degeneration of corpus luteum
-dramatic drop of progesterone
-without progesterone, sloughs off functional layer

27
Q

Cervix

A
  • Dome-like structure of uterus that projects into vagina
  • The endometrium is NOT shed during menses, and myometrium is much thinner
  • Cervical canal joins uterus to vagina
  • Mucosa produce secretions that create a mucous plug for pregnancy
28
Q

Vagina

A
  • Functions: copulatory organ, passageway for outflow of menstruation, and birth canal during parturition
  • Consists of three layers: outer adventitia middle muscularis and inner mucosa
  • Natural home to several non-pathogenic microorganisms, due to warm and moist environment
  • Acidic secretions prevent infection from foreign microbes
29
Q

Histology of the Vagina

A
  • Mucosa contains the epithelium of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and the Lamina propria
  • It also contains the Muscularis Layer
30
Q

What is the Climacteric and Female v.s. Male?

A
  • The termination of the reproductive years :( Females its called Menopause
  • Males have decreased testosterone production which leads to loss in testicular volume and sperm production
  • Males experience diminished sex drive, occasional mood swings, erectile dysfunction/impotence, and prostate enlargement
  • Females have a drop in circulating estrogen, ovaries are devoid of follicles and menstruation stops, reproductive organs undergo modest atrophy; vagina lubrication is reduced, breast tissue atrophies
  • Females may experience hot flashes (hypothalamus controlled by estrogen), figure becomes more androgynous; bones become brittle
31
Q

Menopause and Perimenopause

A
  • Perimenopause= time near menopause, irregular or skipped periods without pregnancy
  • Menopause is when women cease cycling for a year and are not pregnant and dont have any other medical conditions
  • Normal onset is ages 45 to 55
  • No more ovarian follicles remain or follicular maturation stops
  • Significant amounts of progesterone, estrogen no longer secreted
  • Uterine lining no longer growing
    -no further menstrual periods
32
Q

Menopause again

A
  • “Hot flashes” with periodic elevation in body temperature
  • Thinning scalp hair and increased facial hair
  • Increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease
33
Q

Tubal Pregnancy

A
  • A.k.a Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Fertilized oocyte implants outside of the endometrium
  • Tubal Pregnancy is a type of Ectopic pregnancy
  • fertilized egg implants in the uterine tube
    -unable to expand as embryo grows
    -embryo viable only until week 8
    -uterine wall ruptures if embryo is not removed
    -hemorrhage and loss of mother’s life is possible
34
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • Parts of the endometrium are displaced
  • Tissue becomes implanted on external surface of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
  • May grow under influence of hormones
  • Cannot be expelled normally
  • May cause pain and scarring
  • Often linked to fertility problems
  • Treatment includes hormones to slow the growth of endometrial tissue or surgery
35
Q

Cervical Cancer

A
  • Common Malignancy of the female reproductive system
  • Its most important risk factor is Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
    -vaccine available for 4 most common types
    *Pap Smear is used to detect cervical cancer in early stage
    -epithelial cells scraped from cervix edge
    -examined for abnormal development

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions