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A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Ch.28 The Reproductive System pt.1 > Flashcards

A&PII Ch.28 The Reproductive System pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common elements of both reproductive systems?

A
  • both have productive organs called gonads
  • ovaries in females and testes in males
  • produce sex cells called gametes
    -unite at fertilization to initiate formation of new individual
  • produce large amounts of sex hormones
    -affect maturation, development, activity of reproductive organs
  • both sexes have accessory reproductive organs
    -ex. ducts to carry gametes away from gonads
    -toward site of fertilization (females)
    -toward outside of body (males)
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2
Q

Puberty

A
  • onset during adolescence
  • external sex characteristics develop
    -ex. breast enlargement in females, pubic hair growth
  • gametes begin to mature
    -gonads start to secrete sex hormones
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3
Q

Puberty Hormones

A
  • Hypothalamus begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Stimulates anterior pituitary to release two hormones
    -FSH and LH
    -gonads begin to produce significant levels of sex hormones
    -start process of gamete and sexual maturation
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4
Q

Gametes

A
  • Common Element
  • Produced by females and males
  • Female produces and releases single gamete monthly
    -oocyte/ ovum
  • Male produces large numbers of gametes
    -sperm
    -100 million/day
    -stored for short time only
    -if not expelled from body, reabsorbed
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5
Q

Perineum

A
  • Diamond shaped area between thighs
  • Forms the urogenital and rectal triangles
  • Provides support for lower pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum)
  • Contains nerve endings that stimulate sexual arousal
  • Main locations for muscles involved in urinary and bowel continence
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6
Q

Triangular regions of the perineum

A
  • Divided into two triangle bases
    -imaginary horizontal line between ischial tuberosities of ossa coxae
  • Anterior Triangle, urogenital triangle
    -Females: urethral and vaginal orifices
    -Males: base of penis and scrotum
    -Both: muscles surrounding external genetalia
    –partly anchored by perineal body, dense CT structure (perineal body)
  • Posterior Triangle, anal triangle
    -location of anus, surrounded by external anal sphincter
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7
Q

Heredity Information

A
  • Carried on 23 pairs of chromosomes in human body cells
    -22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes
  • Sex Chromosomes include Two X chromosomes or 1 X and one Y
    -female= XX
    -male= XY
    -also some genes code for other functions
    *One member of chromosome pair inherited from each parent
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8
Q

Autosomes

A
  • Contain genes that code for cellular functions
  • Determine most human characteristsics
    -ex. eye color, height, skin pigmentation
  • A pair pf matching autosomes, homologous chromososmes
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9
Q

Review of Heredity

A
  • The amount of pairs of chromosomes inherited in cells varies between species
  • Diploid cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual)
    *Haploid cell has 23 chromosomes (NOT 23 pairs)
    *Gametes from either sex
    -ensures offspring do not receive two sets of paired chromosomes
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10
Q

Mitosis Cell Division

A
  • somatic cell division
  • produce 2 daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell
  • diploid daughter cells
  • NO CROSSING OVER
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11
Q

Meiosis Cell Division

A
  • sex cell division (creates gametes)
  • has 2 rounds
  • 4 daughter cells genetically different from parent cell
  • STARTS with diploid parent cell in gonad (ovary/testis)
    -23 chromosomes from mother
    -23 chromosomes from father
    -must undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
  • PRODUCES Haploid daughter cells (gametes)
  • INCLUDES crossing over
    -genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes
    -get genes from both parents on one chromosome
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12
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • Begins AFTER interphase (cell grows and prepairs)
  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate when cell divides
  • 4 phases plus cytokinesis
  • Results in 2 cells
    -each w/ 23 chromosomes of replicated sister chromatids held together at centromere
    -Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids
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13
Q

What are the 4 Phases of Meiosis I

A
  • Prophase I
    -Homologous maternal and paternal replicated chromosomes are each composed of sister chromatids that pair up (synapsis) and that pair forms a tetrad
    -CROSSING OVER occurs between homologous m and p chromosomes to increase genetic diversity
  • Metaphase I
    -spindle fibers attach from centrioles to centromeres
  • homologous replicated chromosomes are independently assorted in a double line along the EQUATOR which increases genetic diversity
  • Anaphase I
    -m and P pairs of replicated chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposing ends of the cell (reduction division)
    -Sister chromatids remain attached in each replicated chromosome
  • Telophase I and Cytokinesis
    -nuclear division finishes and nuclear envelopes re-form
    -cytoplasm is divided and two new cells are produced each having ONLY 23 replicated chromosomes still comprised of sister chromatids
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14
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • After Meiosis I
    -2 daughter cells each containing 23 replicated chromosomes with 2 connected sister chromatids
  • NO CROSSING OVER
  • Second mitotic division
    -chromatids separate and become single chromosomes in haploid cells and then..
  • Produce 4 haploid daughter cells
  • 22 chromosomes, 1sex chromosome (X or Y)
  • mature into secondary oocytes (females) or sperm (males)
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15
Q

What are the 4 Phases of Meiosis II

A
  • Prophase II
    -nuclear envelop breaks down allowing replicated chromosomes to cluster together
    -NO CROSSING OVER!!!
  • Metaphase II
    -spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to each sister chromatid in each chromosome and align the replicated chromosomes along EQUATOR of the cell
    *Anaphase II
    -sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome are pulled apart at the centromere. Sister chromatids (now singular chromosomes) migrate to opposite ends of the cell
  • Telophase II and Cytokinesis
    -nuclear division finishes, and nuclear envelopes reform
    -the 4 new daughter cells that are produced each only contain 23 chromosomes
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16
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • production of gametes
  • Females: oogenesis; produces an ovum; takes 300 days to compete in
    -5th week of embryonic development
    *Males: spermatogenesis; produces a spermatozoa; 74 days to complete
  • Begins withe cell division (meiosis)
  • Similar process in males and females
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17
Q

Spermatogenesis and Spermatogonia

A
  • Process of sperm development
  • Occurs within the seminiferous tubule
  • Begins during puberty with significant levels of FSH and LH
  • Primordial germ cells which all sperm cells develop
  • Diploid cells are near the base of the seminiferous tubule
  • Surrounded by cytoplasm of sustentacular cell
  • Divide by MITOSIS into spermatioGONIUM and primary spermatocyte (need further mitosis)
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18
Q

Primary Spermatocyte, Secondary Spermatocytes, and Spermatid

A
  • Primary Spermatocytes are diploid cells that inder go MEIOSIS
  • Secondary Spermatocytes are two cells produced by primary spermatocyte from Meiosis I, have Haploid cells w/ only 23 chromosomes, realtively closer to seminiferous tubule lumen
  • Spermatid is formed when secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II, haploid cell near seminiferous tubule lumen, start off round and become elongated oval looking
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19
Q

SperMIOgenesis

A
  • Final stage of spermatogenesis
    *Spermatid becomes mature spermatozoa, sperm
  • Excess cytoplasm is shed and the nucleus elongates
  • Acrosome cap forms over the nucleus
    -has digestive enzymes to help penetrate the secondary oocyte
  • Tail forms from organized microtubule in cell
    -is attached to the midpiece region that contains the mitochondria (energy to move tail) and centriole
20
Q

Spermatozoa (Spermatozoon)

A

only self-propelled, swimming cells of the human body

21
Q

The Spermatogenic Cycle

A
  • Takes 74 Days
  • At any given time there are about 5 cohorts of generations concurrently advancing through development.
  • Hundereds of seminiferous tubules contain millions of spermatogonia
  • entire testis produces about 25,000 sperm/min or 36,000,000 sperm per day
22
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
  • Occurs in stages over the life of a female
    *Before birth the ovary contains primary germ cells called oogonia
    -Diploid Cells
    -Divide by MITOSIS to produce primary oocytes
    -Cells start with meiosis but are ARRESTED in Prophase I until after puberty
    -now primary oocytes
    -1.5 milion follicles within the ovarian cortex at birth
  • Secondary Meiotic division is ARRESTED in Metaphase I and only advances IF fertilization occurs
23
Q

Comparing Gametogenesis

A
  • Single viable oocyte is produced in females
    -4 sperm produced in males
  • Female oocyte is arrested in meiosis prior to birth
    -male spermatogonia start spermatogenesis at puberty
  • Females are only able to produce until menopause
    -male spermatocytes produced throughout male’s adult life
24
Q

Testes

A
  • accessory reproductive organs include ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, male accessory glands, and penis
  • normal human males have two testes
  • they are paired ovoid gonads that are housed in the pouch-like scrotum
  • each testis has its own individually surrounding tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea (projects internally to divide the testes into 200-300 distinct lobules that each contain1-4 seminiferous tubules)
25
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Contain germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells
  • Function to nourish the developing sperm, scavenge cellular debris/ damaged cells, produce seminiferous fluid, FSH responsive, produce inhibin when sperm count is high, produce androgen binding protein (ABP)
  • Leydig cells are just outside of seminiferous tubules; produce androgens (testosterone)
26
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Skin-covered sac between the thighs
  • provides a cooler environment
    -needed for sperm development and maturation
  • homologous to labia majora in female
  • ridge-like seam at midline, raphe
    -marks the location of the fusion of two embryonic tissues
  • Scrotum Wall
    -external layer of skin
    -thin layer of superficial fascia internal to skin
  • layer of smooth muscle, dartos muscle, internal to fascia
27
Q

Scrotum and Heat

A
  • Sperm are sensitive to heat; optimal range is 90-95F
  • Elevated temp= relaxation of dartos muscle
    -testes move inferiorly (away from the body), cools testes
    -cremaster muscle relaxes also to allow the testes to move inferiorly
  • Decreased temp= contraction of dartos and cremaster muscles
    -testes and scrotum pulled closer to the body
    -helps to conserve heat
28
Q

True or False? Developing germ cells travel away from the lumen.

A

FALSE Developing germ cells travel toward the lumen.

29
Q

Duct System in the Male Reproductive Tract

A
  • Help Transport sperm as they mature
  • Rete Testis: meshwork of interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis, receive sperm from seminiferous tubules, lined by simple cuboidal epithelia, short microvilli that cover the luminal surface and merge to form different ducts
  • Efferent Ducts: connect the rete testis to the epididymis, lined with ciliated columnar epithelia -propel sperm toward epididymis, Nonciliated columnar epithelia absorb the excess fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubules
  • drain into the epididymis
30
Q

Hormonal Regulation of the Testes

A
  • The hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
  • FSH and LH stimulate spermatogenesis and androgen production
    -LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
    -FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
    –binds to testosterone, ensures high levels in the testes
  • Testosterone stimulates libido and the development of secondary sex characteristics
    -hair growth in axillary and pubic regions, deeper voice, and facial hair
31
Q

Increased Testosterone and Sertoli Cells release Inhibin

A
  • increased testosterone facilitates spermatogenesis and inhibits GnRH secretion and pituitary sensitivity to GnRH and has a negative feedback effect
  • Sertoli cells release inhibin and respond to rising sperm count levels, causing inhibition of FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland, has an additional negative feedback mechanism
32
Q

What are the 5 steps of hormononal regulation in the testes?

A

1) GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the AP to secrete FSH and LH
2) LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
-FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP which keeps testosterone levels high in the testis\
3) Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH secretion and reduces the anterior pituitary’s sensitivity to GNRH
4) Rising sperm count levels cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin, which further inhibits FSH secretion
5) Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics

33
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Fluid and sperm cells travel through a series of tubules until converging into the epididymis
  • It is a long, thin, convoluted single duct that lies against the testis, coiled down 1/2000th of its actual size
  • Stores sperm until they are fully mature and motile
  • Delivers sperm to ductus deferens (vas deferens)
34
Q

The Vas Deferens

A
  • a portion of the male reproductive tract that is a structural continuation of the epididymis
  • travels within the spermatic cord (vas deferens, cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus) until the pelvic cavity
  • enlarges to form its ampulla before connecting with the seminal vesicle
    *has 3 tissue layers: outer adventitia, middle muscularis, and inner mucosa
35
Q

Ejaculatory Duct and Male Urethra

A
  • paired ejaculatory ducts: 1-2 cm each; connect ductus deferens to urethra; mixes sperm cells with seminal plasma
    *male urethra is divided into 3 layers (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra)
  • collectively, 3 urethra layers conduct semen out of the male reproductive tract during ejaculation
36
Q

The Penis

A
  • elongated structure that grows in both girth and length during sexual arousal
  • divided into three parts
    -Roots (attach penis to the pelvic girdle)
    -Body (contains the penile urethra and corpora)
    -Glans (highly-sensitive bulbous structure at end of penis)
37
Q

Engorgement of the penis during sexual arousal

A
  • Paired corpora cavernosa: erectile bodies are located dorsolaterally to the single corpus spongiosum
  • Blood enters corpora cavernosa through cavernosal artery
    *Primary function of the corpora spongiosum is to ensure the urethra remains a functional ejaculatory pathway during erection
38
Q

Seminal Fluid and Semen

A
  • Seminal fluid is alkaline secretion needed to neutralize vaginal acidity, gives nutrients to the sperm that are traveling to the female reproductive tract, produced by accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands)
  • Semen is formed from seminal fluid and sperm, is called ejaculate when it is released during intercourse, 200 to 500 million spermatozoa, and transit time from seminiferous tubules to ejaculate is about 2 weeks
39
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • have an excretory duct on each gland that joins with the ampulla of ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
  • surrounded by 2 layers of smooth muscle (squeezes product out during ejaculation)
  • secretes alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins
    -fructose nourishes the sperm
    -prostaglandins promote widening of external os of cervix
40
Q

The Prostate Gland

A
  • walnut shape and size encapsulated organ that is immediately inferior to the bladder
  • consists of many lobules that all open up into the prostatic urethra
  • produces 30% of seminal plasma by volume
  • secretes milky fluid rich in citric acid, seminal plasmin, and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA)
    -Citric acid, nutrient for sperm health
    -Seminal plasmin, antibiotic that combats UTI
    -PSA, enzyme that liquifies semen following ejaculation
41
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A
  • 2cm-long ducts join with the spongy urethra
  • Secretions make up first fraction of ejaculate (5% of total) (pre-ejaculate)
  • Clear, alkaline fluid consists of lubricating proteins and neutralizing mucins
  • Typically does not mix with sperm cells; sometimes called pre-ejaculate
42
Q

Nondisjunction

A
  • Failure of separation of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
  • Resulting gamete
    -may have 47 chromosomes (trisomy (individual with 3 copies of one chromosome))
  • May have 45 chromosomes (monosomy)
    -individual with 1 copy of a chromosome
43
Q

Cri Du Chat Syndrome

A
  • Results from partial deletion/ monosomy of chromosome 5
  • Deformities in nasal bridge lead to characteristic “cat’s cry”
  • Location of deletion usually removes catenin delta 2 gene; protein involved in cell adhesion in the nervous system
    -loss is linked to severe intellectual disability
44
Q

Trisomy 21

A
  • Most (not all) trisomies and monosomies lethal to embryo
  • Most well known is trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
  • causes intellectual disability, slanting eye creases, heart defects, poor muscle tone, short stature
  • due to nondisjunction of oocyte (more common) or sperm
  • incidence increases with mother’s age
45
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A
  • Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
  • common in older men
  • due to hormonal changes in aging males
  • large nodules form within the prostate and compress the urethra
  • frequent urinating at night, frequent and painful urination
  • can be treated with drugs
    -may require surgical removal of prostatic enlargement
46
Q

Prostatic Cancer

A
  • one of the most common malignancies in men over 50
  • forms hard, solid nodules within the prostate
  • asymptomatic early on, later urinary symptoms
  • screening with digital rectal exam, PSA test
  • treatment is radiation therapy or surgical removal

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

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