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A&PII Lecture and Lab > A&PII Ch.24 Urinary System Anatomy > Flashcards

A&PII Ch.24 Urinary System Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the Urinary Sytem and their functions?

A
  • Kidneys (filter blood, remove waste products, convert filtrate to urine)
  • Ureters (transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder)
  • Bladder (expandable muscular sac that stores up to 1L of urine)
    *Urethra (eliminates urine from the body)
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2
Q

Processes that occur as filtrate is converted to urine

A
  • Elimination of metabolic wastes
  • Regulation of ion levels (Na+, K+, Ca2+)
  • Regulation of acid-base balance (alters levels of H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate))
  • Regulation of blood pressure
    *Elimination of biologically active molecules (hormones, drugs)
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3
Q

What are some other functions of the kidney?

A
  • Formation of calcitriol
  • Production and release of erythropoietin (EPO) (secretes EPO in response to low blood oxygen)
    -stimulates red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production
  • Potential to engage in gluconeogenesis (prolonged fasting or starvation, occurs in kidney cortex)
    -produces glucose from noncarbohydrate sources; maintain glucose levels
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4
Q

Features of the Kidneys

A
  • two symmetrical, bean-shaped organs
  • size of hand to second knuckle
  • Concave medial border, hilum (where vessels, nerves, ureter connect to kidney
  • Lateral border convex
  • Adrenal gland rests on superior aspect of kidney
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5
Q

More features of the Kidneys

A
  • located in the retroperitoneal space (posterior to the peritoneum)
  • extend from T12 to L3
  • protected posteriorly by the floating ribs
  • anchored by various layers of connective tissue
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6
Q

What are the three connective tissue layers that Encapsulate the Kidneys?

A
  • Renal Fascia
    -most superficial layer
    -dense irregular connective tissue
    -Surrounds both kidneys and the adrenal glands
  • Perinephric/ Perirenal Fat Capsule
    -layer of adipose tissue= cushioning effect
  • Renal Capsule
    -directly covers the outer surface of the kidney
    -dense irregular CT, helps prevent trauma and pathogen penetration
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7
Q

Internal Kidney Features

A
  • Renal Cortex: outer regions (granular and reddish- brown
  • Renal Medulla: inner regions (composed of renal pyramids with striped appearance)
  • Renal Pyramids: clusters of many nephrons and collecting ducts
  • Major and Minor Calyxes: collect urine from renal lobes (a pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue
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8
Q

What are the features of the Cortex and Medulla?

A
  • the cortex is the outer portion of the kidney where the filtration of blood occurs
  • the medulla houses most of the nephron tubule space, where urine forms and is concentrated
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9
Q

What are the connective tissue layers surrounding the kidney from outside to inside?

A

Renal Fascia-> Perirenal fat capsule-> Renal Capsule

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10
Q

What structures collect urine from renal pyramids?

A

Minor and Major calyxes

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11
Q

Features of the ureters

A
  • Carry urine out of the kidneys to the bladder
  • Capable of peristalsis
  • Connect to the bladder at an angle that prevents backflow of urine
  • Further bladder filling also compresses the distal end of the ureter, further preventing backflow
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12
Q

Microscopic features of the ureters

A
  • Deepest Layer (Mucosal)
    -Transitional Epithelium
    -Readily stretches to accommodate distension from urine filling
  • Middle Layer (Muscularis)
  • senses distension with urine filling and triggers reflexive peristalsis
  • Superficial layer (Adventitia)
    -Fibrous Connective tissue
    -anchors the ureter in place
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13
Q

Common features of the bladder found in men and women

A
  • Inner mucosa of bladder: transitional epithelium
  • Middle layer (detrusor): contains muscle that contracts to drive urination
  • Thick muscle near the urethra forms the internal urethral sphincter
  • Epithelium transitions to stratified squamous epithelium near the urethra’s opening to the outside
  • Passes through a ring of skeletal muscle on its way out (external urethral sphincter)
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14
Q

Female v.s Male urinary system includes..

A
  • MALE: Urethra is longer than 20cm and functions for transport of both urine and semen
    *FEMALE: Urethra is only 3-5cm in length; functions only in transport of urine
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15
Q

Kidney Vasculature Features

A
  • Renal artery enters at the hilum
  • Branches into several segmental arteries, which branch into interlobar arteries
  • Interlobar arteries travel through the renal columns and branch into arcuate arteries in the cortex
  • These branch into cortical radiate arteries (interlobular), then microscopic afferent arterioles
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16
Q

Structure of Kidney Nephrons

A
  • Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of urine formation in the kidney
  • Afferent arterioles drain into the glomerulus
  • Filtration occurs when fluid and solutes are forced from the blood in the glomerulus into the space in the surrounding Bowman’s capsule
    *Blood is drained from the glomerulus by efferent arterioles
17
Q

What is the flow of fluid through the nephron’s tubules?

A
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
    -located entirely within the cortex
    -simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
  • Descending Tubule (DT)
    -descends into the medulla
    -alternates between thick and thin segments
  • Loop of Henle (LH)
    -connects ascending and descending tubes
  • Ascending Tube (AT)
    -alternates between thick and thin segments
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
    -simple cuboidal epithelium WITHOUT microvilli
18
Q

Nephrons types and classification

A
  • Two types are Cortical and Juxtamedullary
  • Classified based on two factors of relative position of renal corpuscle in the cortex and the length of the nephron loop
19
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A
  • Oriented with renal corpuscles near peripheral cortex
  • Short nephron loop barely penetrates medulla
  • 85% of nephrons
  • Main function is for solute reabsorption and excretion
20
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A
  • 15% of nephrons
  • Long nephron loop extended deep to the medulla
  • main function is to concentrate urine
21
Q

Collecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts

A

*Nephrons drain into a collecting tubule
*Multiple collecting tubules empty into larger collecting ducts
* Numerous collecting ducts empty into papillary duct located within renal papilla
*Specialized Epithelial Cells (in CT, CD)
* Principal Cells responsive to hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
*Intercalated Cells specialized epithelial cells help regulate urine pH and blood pH

22
Q

Flow of fluid after filtration through the nephron

A
  • Filtrate from many Nephrons into the Collecting Duct (CD)
  • Fluid flows from CD through either Principal Cells (adjust urine to maintain the body’s water, Na+, and K+ balance) or Intercalated Cells (responsible for acid-base balance)
  • From the Principal or Intercalated Cells fluid then flows into the papillary duct
23
Q

Features of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

*occurs when a portion of the DCT comes into contact with the afferent arteriole
* Macula Densa cells in DCT monitor the concentrations of Cl- and Na+ in filtrate
* Granular (a.k.a juxtaglomerular) cells respond to changes in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

24
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A
  • JG apparatus helps regulate blood filtrate formation, systemic blood pressure
  • Components of the JG apparatus include
    Granular Cells and Macula Densa
25
Q

Granular Cells of afferent arteriole

A
  • component of JG apparatus
    *modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
  • located near entrance to renal corpuscle
  • contract when stimulated by stretch or sympathetic stimulation
  • synthesize, store, and release renin
26
Q

Macula Densa Cells of DCT

A
  • component of JG apparatus
  • modified epithelial cells in wall of DCT
  • located on tubule side next to afferent arteriole
  • detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in lumen of DCT
  • signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation
27
Q

Human Fluid Pools

A
  • The human body is composed of three interconnected pools:
    -intracellular fluid (inside cells)
    -intravascular fluid (inside blood vessels)
    -interstitial fluid (between cells)
  • Extracellular= Interstitial + Intervascular
28
Q

Fluid Pool Solute Profiles are not identical

A
  • Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
    -water, electrolytes, small molecules, non-electrolytes, proteins
    -20% to 30% protein, pH 7.00
  • K+ most common
  • Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
    -far less protein, electrolytes
    -pH 7.40
    -Na+ most common
29
Q

Thirst is generated by..

A
  • Exercise, eating salty food, dry mouth
  • A 1% to 2% increase in osmolarity
    -osmolarity- solutes/ L, expressed as osmoles/liter
    -0.290 to 0.295 Osm/L
  • Blood loss
  • Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • thirst is quenched as soon as water contacts the osmolarity receptors in our cheeks- this happens to prevent over-consumption of water
30
Q

Water loss occurs in what various ways?

A
  • Kidneys (60%)
  • Lungs (28%)- breathing out evaporated water
  • Sweat (8% or more)- depends on external temperature, humidity, and activity level
  • Feces (4%)
31
Q

What clinical disorders can arise from too much or too little water?

A

Dehydration, Hypotonic Hydration (rare), Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia

32
Q

Dehydration

A
  • excessive water loss via sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, and little water ingestion
  • clinical symptoms include sticky oral mucosa, dry flushed skin, reduced urine formation, thirst, weight loss, fever, CNS abnormalities and death
33
Q

Hypotonic Hydration

A
  • Rare ingestion of too much water
  • decrease in fluid pool osmolarity
  • CNS dysfunction
34
Q

Hypovolemia

A
  • loss of plasma volume
  • loss of water and solutes
  • Diabetes, burns, wounds, diarrhea, vomiting
35
Q

Hypervolemia

A
  • too much plasma volume
  • renal or liver failure
36
Q

Which nephron’s major function is to concentrate urine?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

37
Q

Principal and intercalated cells can be found where?

A

Collecting tubules and collecting ducts

A&PII Lecture and Lab (9 decks)

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