A&P1 - LP#7

Question 1

There are FIVE main types of blood vessels:

Answer 1

1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins

Question 2

_________ can carry blood away from the heart to other organs. They leave the heart eventually branching into medium sized versions of themselves.

Answer 2

Arteries

Question 3

After branching into medium sized arteries, they further branch into smaller vessels called ____________.

Answer 3

Aterioles

Question 4

As arterioles enter a tissue, they branch into numerous tiny vessels called ___________.

Answer 4

Capillaries

Question 5

Groups of capillaries within a tissue reunite to form small veins called _____________.

Answer 5

Venules

Question 6

Venules merge to form progressively large blood vessels called ____________ that return blood back to the heart.

Answer 6

Veins

Question 7

_________________ refers to the growth of new blood vessels.

Answer 7

Angiogenesis

Question 8

The wall of a blood vessel consists of three layers, or ___________.

Answer 8

Tunics

Question 9

What are the three structural layers of generalized blood vessel from innermost to outer most layer:

Answer 9

1. Tunica Interna (Intima)
2. Tunica Media
3. Tunica Externa

Question 10

The Tunica ____________ forms the inner lining of blood vessels, comes in direct contact with the blood flow in the lumen. Made up of epithelial cells called endothelium.

Answer 10

Tunica Interna (Intima)

Question 11

The Tunica __________ is the middle layer. It is relatively think layer of smooth muscle cells and has elastic fibres. It’s primary role is to regulate the diameter of the lumen. It helps contract vessels when they are damaged, this minimizes blood loss. This layer has the greatest display of variation among the different vessel types.

Answer 11

Tunica Media

Question 12

The Tunica __________ is the outer layer. It is made up of elastic and collagen fibers, separating the layers in a network of elastic fibres. It contains lots of nerves and tiny blood vessels

Answer 12

Tunica Externa

Question 13

___________ have thicker muscle and elastic portions in the tunica media. High compliance because of elastic fibres. Their walls will easily stretch or expand without tearing in response to pressure. Sympathetic fibres of the ANS innervate the smooth muscle of blood vessels. An increase in sympathetic stimulation causes the smooth muscle to contact - squeezes the vessel wall and narrows the lumen. Can vasodilate and vasoconstrict.

Answer 13

Arteries

Question 14

Two types of arteries:

Answer 14

1. Elastic Arteries

2. Muscular Arteries

Question 15

Function of Elastic Arteries:

Answer 15

Propel blood onward while ventricles relax and blood is ejected from the heart.
Move blood from the heart to the medium sized arteries.

Question 16

Function of Muscular Arteries:

Answer 16

Ability to contract and maintain vascular tone.

Distributing arteries - they continue to branch and distribute blood to various organs & systems.

Question 17

______________ is a union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same region. Provides alternative route for blood flow to reach organ/tissue. Can occur between arterioles and venules.

Answer 17

Anastomosis

Question 18

What is the function of an Arteriole

Answer 18

Regulate the blood flow from arteries into the capillary beds.
Resistance vessels - Prevents/decreases blood floor with vasoconstriction of smooth muscle of the vessel.

Question 19

___________ are the smallest vessels in the circulatory system. They are thin walled and lack a tunica media and externa. The walls consist of only a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane.
They are exchange vessels and enable the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.

Answer 19

Capillaries

Question 20

There are THREE types of Capillaries

Answer 20

1. Continuous Capillaries
2. Fenestrated Capillaries
3. Sinusoids

Question 21

The most abundant type of capillaries. The plasma membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube that is interrupted by intercellular clefts
Found in: brain, lungs, skeletal and smooth muscle and CT.

Answer 21

Continuous Capillaries

Question 22

The plasma membranes of endothelial cells in these capillaries have fenestration’s (small pores/windows),
Found in the kidneys, villi of small intenstine, ventricles of the brain and in endocrine glands.

Answer 22

Fenestrated Capillaries

Question 23

This type of capillary is wider and more winding then the others. Endothelial cells with larger fenestrations; large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and sometimes blood cells to pass from a tissue to the bloodstream. They have specialized lining cells that are adapted to the functions of the tissue.

Answer 23

Sinusoids

Question 24

This type of venous blood vessel drains capillary blood and begin the return of blood flow back toward the heart. Because of pores, it functions as significant sites of exchange of nutrients and wastes and white blood cell emigration. Therefore form the microcirculatory exchange unit of the capillaries.

Answer 24

Venules

Question 25

The average blood pressure in veins is ____________ than in arteries

Answer 25

Lower

Question 26

Many veins contain ________, which are thin folds of tunica interna that form flap-like cusps. The cusps project into the lumen and toward the heart. Lower blood pressure can cause blood flow to the heart to slow and even back up. These prevent that.

Answer 26

Valves

Question 27

Which type of blood vessel is more numerous in the body? Arteries or Veins?

Answer 27

Veins

Question 28

Leaky venous valves cause veins to become dilated and twisted in appearance - allows backflow of blood from the deep veins - blood pools. The affected veins swell and cane become inflammed, tender and painful. This can be caused by mechanical stress or can be congenital.

Answer 28

Varicose Veins

Question 29

The movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid termed __________.

Answer 29

Capillary Exchange

Question 30

Substances enter and leave capillaries by THREE mechanisms:

Answer 30

1. Diffusion 2. Trancytosis 3. Bulk Flow

Question 31

This method of capillary exchange is a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules or particles in fluid move together in the same direction Occurs in areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

Answer 31

Bulk Flow

Question 32

There are TWO processes in Bulk Flow:

Answer 32

1. Filtration - pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluids. 2. Reabsorption - Pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries.

Question 33

What is the medical term for swelling?

Answer 33

Edema

Question 34

What are the three functions of blood:

Answer 34

1. Transportation 2. Regulation 3. Protection

Question 35

What is the pH of human blood?

Answer 35

7.35-7.45 pH

Question 36

These cells are located in the liver and produce most of the plasma proteins in the blood.

Answer 36

Hepatocytes

Question 37

There are THREE types of hepatocytes:

Answer 37

1. Albumins 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogens

Question 38

______________ is the process by which form elements in the blood develop

Answer 38

Hemopoiesis

Question 39

What is the site of hemopoiesis?

Answer 39

Red Bone Marrow

Question 40

There are FIVE types of White Blood Cells

Answer 40

1. Neutrophils 2. Monocytes 3. Basophils 4. Eosinophils 5. Lymphocytes

Question 41

This type of WBC uses phagocytosis to destroy bacteria and fungi

Answer 41

Neutrophils

Question 42

This type of WBC uses phagocytosis to clean up cellular debris and microbes after an infection

Answer 42

Monocytes

Question 43

This type of WBC combats the effects of histamine in allergic reactions. They also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against certain parasitic worms.

Answer 43

Eosinophils

Question 44

This type of WBC mediates immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions. There are THREE main types: B-Cells, T-Cells, and Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Answer 44

Lymphocytes

Question 45

________________ helps stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels and promotes blood clotting.

Answer 45

Platelets

Question 46

What are FOUR components of the Lymph System?

Answer 46

1. Lymph 2. Lymph Vessels 3. Lymphatic Tissue 4. Bone Marrow.

Question 47

What are the THREE main functions of the Lymphatic System?

Answer 47

1. Drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood. 2. Transports dietary lipids and lipid soluable vitamens that are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. 3. Carries out immune responses - the initiation of hightly specific responses against pathogens.

Question 48

Lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in particular regions of the body, they unite to form trunks. What are the FIVE Lymphatic Trunks?

Answer 48

1. Lumbar - drains lymph from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall. 2. Intestinal - drains lymph from the stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen and part of the liver. 3. Bronchomediastinal - drain the thoracic wall, lungs and heart. 4. Subclavian - Drains the upper limbs 5. Jugular - Drains the head and neck.

Question 49

There are TWO lymphatic Ducts:

Answer 49

1. Thoracic Duct | 2. Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 50

This lymphatic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

Answer 50

Thoracic Duct

Question 51

This lymphatic duct receives from right jugular, right subclavian, right bronchomediastinal. The upper right side of the body. Drains into the venous blood at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

Answer 51

Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 52

What are the TWO pumps that aid in the return of venous blood to the heart maintain the flow of lymph:

Answer 52

1. Skeletal Muscle Pump | 2. Respiratory Pump

Question 53

Lymphatic organs and tissues are classified into TWO groups based on function:

Answer 53

1. Primary Lymphatic Organs | 2. Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissue.

Question 54

This group of lymphatic organ are sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent - capable of mounting an immune response ex: Red Bone Marrow, Thymus

Answer 54

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Question 55

This group of lymphatic organs are sites where most immune responses occur. ex: Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules.

Answer 55

Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissue.

Question 56

This Lymphatic Organ atrophies after puberty.

Answer 56

Thymus

Question 57

This lymphatic tissue is bean shaped and are found in scatter groups throughout the body along with lymphatic vessels.

Answer 57

Lymph Node

Question 58

This oval shaped lymphatic organ is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the human body. It is located between the stomach and diaphragm. Has two different types of tissues, white and red pulp

Answer 58

Spleen

Question 59

Lymphatic Nodules are also referred to as ____________

Answer 59

MALT - Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue.

Question 60

These lymphatic structures are egg-shaped masses, not surrounded by a capsule. They are scatter throughout connective tissue of the GI tract, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways. This includes the tonsils.

Answer 60

Lymphatic Nodules or MALT