A&P1 - LP#7 Flashcards
Blood Vessels Blood Cells Immunity & Lymphatic System
There are FIVE main types of blood vessels:
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
_________ can carry blood away from the heart to other organs. They leave the heart eventually branching into medium sized versions of themselves.
Arteries
After branching into medium sized arteries, they further branch into smaller vessels called ____________.
Aterioles
As arterioles enter a tissue, they branch into numerous tiny vessels called ___________.
Capillaries
Groups of capillaries within a tissue reunite to form small veins called _____________.
Venules
Venules merge to form progressively large blood vessels called ____________ that return blood back to the heart.
Veins
_________________ refers to the growth of new blood vessels.
Angiogenesis
The wall of a blood vessel consists of three layers, or ___________.
Tunics
What are the three structural layers of generalized blood vessel from innermost to outer most layer:
- Tunica Interna (Intima)
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa
The Tunica ____________ forms the inner lining of blood vessels, comes in direct contact with the blood flow in the lumen. Made up of epithelial cells called endothelium.
Tunica Interna (Intima)
The Tunica __________ is the middle layer. It is relatively think layer of smooth muscle cells and has elastic fibres. It’s primary role is to regulate the diameter of the lumen. It helps contract vessels when they are damaged, this minimizes blood loss. This layer has the greatest display of variation among the different vessel types.
Tunica Media
The Tunica __________ is the outer layer. It is made up of elastic and collagen fibers, separating the layers in a network of elastic fibres. It contains lots of nerves and tiny blood vessels
Tunica Externa
___________ have thicker muscle and elastic portions in the tunica media. High compliance because of elastic fibres. Their walls will easily stretch or expand without tearing in response to pressure. Sympathetic fibres of the ANS innervate the smooth muscle of blood vessels. An increase in sympathetic stimulation causes the smooth muscle to contact - squeezes the vessel wall and narrows the lumen. Can vasodilate and vasoconstrict.
Arteries
Two types of arteries:
- Elastic Arteries
2. Muscular Arteries
Function of Elastic Arteries:
Propel blood onward while ventricles relax and blood is ejected from the heart.
Move blood from the heart to the medium sized arteries.
Function of Muscular Arteries:
Ability to contract and maintain vascular tone.
Distributing arteries - they continue to branch and distribute blood to various organs & systems.
______________ is a union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same region. Provides alternative route for blood flow to reach organ/tissue. Can occur between arterioles and venules.
Anastomosis
What is the function of an Arteriole
Regulate the blood flow from arteries into the capillary beds.
Resistance vessels - Prevents/decreases blood floor with vasoconstriction of smooth muscle of the vessel.
___________ are the smallest vessels in the circulatory system. They are thin walled and lack a tunica media and externa. The walls consist of only a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane.
They are exchange vessels and enable the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Capillaries
There are THREE types of Capillaries
- Continuous Capillaries
- Fenestrated Capillaries
- Sinusoids
The most abundant type of capillaries. The plasma membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube that is interrupted by intercellular clefts
Found in: brain, lungs, skeletal and smooth muscle and CT.
Continuous Capillaries
The plasma membranes of endothelial cells in these capillaries have fenestration’s (small pores/windows),
Found in the kidneys, villi of small intenstine, ventricles of the brain and in endocrine glands.
Fenestrated Capillaries
This type of capillary is wider and more winding then the others. Endothelial cells with larger fenestrations; large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and sometimes blood cells to pass from a tissue to the bloodstream. They have specialized lining cells that are adapted to the functions of the tissue.
Sinusoids
This type of venous blood vessel drains capillary blood and begin the return of blood flow back toward the heart. Because of pores, it functions as significant sites of exchange of nutrients and wastes and white blood cell emigration. Therefore form the microcirculatory exchange unit of the capillaries.
Venules
The average blood pressure in veins is ____________ than in arteries
Lower
Many veins contain ________, which are thin folds of tunica interna that form flap-like cusps. The cusps project into the lumen and toward the heart.
Lower blood pressure can cause blood flow to the heart to slow and even back up. These prevent that.
Valves
Which type of blood vessel is more numerous in the body? Arteries or Veins?
Veins
Leaky venous valves cause veins to become dilated and twisted in appearance - allows backflow of blood from the deep veins - blood pools. The affected veins swell and cane become inflammed, tender and painful.
This can be caused by mechanical stress or can be congenital.
Varicose Veins
The movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid termed __________.
Capillary Exchange
Substances enter and leave capillaries by THREE mechanisms:
- Diffusion
- Trancytosis
- Bulk Flow
This method of capillary exchange is a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules or particles in fluid move together in the same direction
Occurs in areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.
Bulk Flow
There are TWO processes in Bulk Flow:
- Filtration - pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluids.
- Reabsorption - Pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries.
What is the medical term for swelling?
Edema
What are the three functions of blood:
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
What is the pH of human blood?
7.35-7.45 pH
These cells are located in the liver and produce most of the plasma proteins in the blood.
Hepatocytes
There are THREE types of hepatocytes:
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogens
______________ is the process by which form elements in the blood develop
Hemopoiesis
What is the site of hemopoiesis?
Red Bone Marrow
There are FIVE types of White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Lymphocytes
This type of WBC uses phagocytosis to destroy bacteria and fungi
Neutrophils
This type of WBC uses phagocytosis to clean up cellular debris and microbes after an infection
Monocytes
This type of WBC combats the effects of histamine in allergic reactions. They also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against certain parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
This type of WBC mediates immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions. There are THREE main types: B-Cells, T-Cells, and Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Lymphocytes
________________ helps stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels and promotes blood clotting.
Platelets
What are FOUR components of the Lymph System?
- Lymph
- Lymph Vessels
- Lymphatic Tissue
- Bone Marrow.
What are the THREE main functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood.
- Transports dietary lipids and lipid soluable vitamens that are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
- Carries out immune responses - the initiation of hightly specific responses against pathogens.
Lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in particular regions of the body, they unite to form trunks.
What are the FIVE Lymphatic Trunks?
- Lumbar - drains lymph from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall.
- Intestinal - drains lymph from the stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen and part of the liver.
- Bronchomediastinal - drain the thoracic wall, lungs and heart.
- Subclavian - Drains the upper limbs
- Jugular - Drains the head and neck.
There are TWO lymphatic Ducts:
- Thoracic Duct
2. Right Lymphatic Duct
This lymphatic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic Duct
This lymphatic duct receives from right jugular, right subclavian, right bronchomediastinal. The upper right side of the body.
Drains into the venous blood at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
Right Lymphatic Duct
What are the TWO pumps that aid in the return of venous blood to the heart maintain the flow of lymph:
- Skeletal Muscle Pump
2. Respiratory Pump
Lymphatic organs and tissues are classified into TWO groups based on function:
- Primary Lymphatic Organs
2. Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissue.
This group of lymphatic organ are sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent - capable of mounting an immune response
ex: Red Bone Marrow, Thymus
Primary Lymphatic Organs
This group of lymphatic organs are sites where most immune responses occur.
ex: Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules.
Secondary Lymphatic Organs and Tissue.
This Lymphatic Organ atrophies after puberty.
Thymus
This lymphatic tissue is bean shaped and are found in scatter groups throughout the body along with lymphatic vessels.
Lymph Node
This oval shaped lymphatic organ is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the human body. It is located between the stomach and diaphragm. Has two different types of tissues, white and red pulp
Spleen
Lymphatic Nodules are also referred to as ____________
MALT - Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue.
These lymphatic structures are egg-shaped masses, not surrounded by a capsule. They are scatter throughout connective tissue of the GI tract, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways. This includes the tonsils.
Lymphatic Nodules or MALT
