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Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT > A&P1 - LP#4 > Flashcards

A&P1 - LP#4 Flashcards

Protein Synthesis & Cell Division

1
Q

The process which a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

A

Gene Expression

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2
Q

There are TWO main steps in Gene Expression

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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3
Q

_______________ is when the information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA

A

Transcription

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4
Q

_____________ is when the RNA attaches to a ribosome, where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule.

A

Translation

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5
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA

A

Base Triplet

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6
Q

Each base triplet that is transcribed as a complementary sequence of three nucleotides.

A

Codon

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7
Q

The set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify

A

Genetic Code

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8
Q

There are THREE types of RNA made from the DNA template

A
  1. Messenger (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal (rRNA)
  3. Transfer (tRNA)
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9
Q

this type of RNA directs the synthesis of protein

A

mRNA

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10
Q

This type of RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

A

rRNA

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11
Q

This type of RNA binds to an amino acid and holds its place on the ribosome until incorporated into a protein. One end of this type of RNA carries a specific amino acid and the opposite end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called an anticodon

A

tRNA

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12
Q

What is the sequence of Transcription?

A

Initiation –> Elongation –> Termination

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13
Q

What are the SEVEN steps in the Translation pathway?

A
  1. Initiator
  2. mRNA Complex
  3. Elongation
  4. Elongation
  5. Elongation
  6. Terminator
  7. Protein Synthesis Ends
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14
Q

The process by which the cells produce themselves

A

Cell Division

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15
Q

There are two types of cell division

A
  1. Somatic Cell Division

2. Reproductive Cell Division

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16
Q

This type of cell division replaces dead or injured cells and adds new one during tissue growth

A

Somatic Cell Division

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17
Q

This is the mechanism that produces gametes, the cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms

A

Reproductive Cell Division

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18
Q

Sex cells (gamete - sperm or oocyte) or precursor cells destined to become a gamete

A

Germ Cell

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19
Q

Any other cell in the body other than germ cells

A

Somatic Cells

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20
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

21
Q

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell or gamete?

A

23

22
Q

2 chromosomes that make a pair

A

Homologous Chromosomes

23
Q

Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

A

Diploid

24
Q

Cells only having one copy of each chromosome, as in sex sells

A

Haploid

25
Q

An orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

A

Cell Cycle

26
Q

Two main periods of the cell cycle are:

A

Interphase - Cells NOT dividing

Mitosis - Cells dividing

27
Q

DNA replication

High metabolic activity this is where the cell does mots of its growing.

A

Interphase

28
Q

What are the THREE phases of Interphase

A
  1. G1 Phase
  2. S Phase
  3. G2 Phase
29
Q

During this phase of interphase, replication of organelles and cytosol components occurs (approx 8-10 hours)

A

G1 Phase

30
Q

During this phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs (8 hours)

A

S Phase

31
Q

During this phase of interphase continuation and maturation of cell growth and preparation for cell division occurs

A

G2 Phase

32
Q

During this phase of the cell cycle, the end product is two identical cells

A

Mitotic Phase

33
Q

During this phase of cell cycle, division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles occurs. Happens in Late Anaphase. Contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around the centre of the cell.

A

Cytokinesis

34
Q

________________ is a normal type of cell death - an orderly genetically programmed death.

A

Apoptosis

35
Q

___________ is a pathological type of cell death resulting from cell injury. Cells may swell, burst and spill their cytoplasm

A

Necrosis

36
Q

What are the FOUR stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
37
Q

During this stage of Mitosis chromatin fibres condense into chromosomes consisting of pair chromatids, held together by a centromere. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear and centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

A

Prophase

38
Q

During this stage of Mitosis centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the metaphase plate (equator), these are lined up by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

A

Metaphase

39
Q

During this stage of Mitosis centrosomes split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair. Once separated, the chromatids are termed chromosomes. Individual sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.

A

Anaphase

40
Q

During this state of Mitosis the nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes resume chromatin form and the mitotic spindle disappears.

A

Telophase

41
Q

This process of reproductive cell division occurs in the gonads (testes and ovaries) and produces a gamete with half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

A

Meiosis

42
Q

There are two successive stages of Meiosis

A
  1. Meiosis 1

2. Meiosis 2

43
Q

Meiosis 1 has FOUR phases:

A
  1. Prophase 1
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
  4. Telophase 1
44
Q

During this phase of Meiosis 1 chromosomes shorten and thicken. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappears and mitotic spindles form

A

Prophase 1

45
Q

During this phase of Meiosis 1 tetrads line up along the metaphase plate of the cell and homologous chromosomes are side by side.

A

Metaphase 1

46
Q

During this phase of Meiosis 1 each homologous pair of chromosomes separate as they are pulled to opposite poles of the cells by microtubules

A

Anaphase 1

47
Q

During this phase of Meiosis (similar to mitosis) nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes resume chromatin form and mitotis spindles disappear. The cytoplasm replicates

A

Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis

48
Q

________________ begins with a diploid starting cell and ends with two cells that are haploid

A

Meiosis 1

49
Q

________________ begins with each of the 2 haploid cells from Meiosis 1 and they divide to get a net result of 4 haploid cells (gametes)

A

Meiosis 2

Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT (8 decks)

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