A&P1 - LP#4

Question 1

The process which a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein

Answer 1

Gene Expression

Question 2

There are TWO main steps in Gene Expression

Answer 2

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Question 3

_______________ is when the information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

_____________ is when the RNA attaches to a ribosome, where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule.

Answer 4

Translation

Question 5

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA

Answer 5

Base Triplet

Question 6

Each base triplet that is transcribed as a complementary sequence of three nucleotides.

Answer 6

Codon

Question 7

The set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify

Answer 7

Genetic Code

Question 8

There are THREE types of RNA made from the DNA template

Answer 8

1. Messenger (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal (rRNA)
3. Transfer (tRNA)

Question 9

this type of RNA directs the synthesis of protein

Answer 9

mRNA

Question 10

This type of RNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

Answer 10

rRNA

Question 11

This type of RNA binds to an amino acid and holds its place on the ribosome until incorporated into a protein. One end of this type of RNA carries a specific amino acid and the opposite end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called an anticodon

Answer 11

tRNA

Question 12

What is the sequence of Transcription?

Answer 12

Initiation –> Elongation –> Termination

Question 13

What are the SEVEN steps in the Translation pathway?

Answer 13

1. Initiator
2. mRNA Complex
3. Elongation
4. Elongation
5. Elongation
6. Terminator
7. Protein Synthesis Ends

Question 14

The process by which the cells produce themselves

Answer 14

Cell Division

Question 15

There are two types of cell division

Answer 15

1. Somatic Cell Division

2. Reproductive Cell Division

Question 16

This type of cell division replaces dead or injured cells and adds new one during tissue growth

Answer 16

Somatic Cell Division

Question 17

This is the mechanism that produces gametes, the cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms

Answer 17

Reproductive Cell Division

Question 18

Sex cells (gamete - sperm or oocyte) or precursor cells destined to become a gamete

Answer 18

Germ Cell

Question 19

Any other cell in the body other than germ cells

Answer 19

Somatic Cells

Question 20

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 20

46

Question 21

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell or gamete?

Answer 21

23

Question 22

2 chromosomes that make a pair

Answer 22

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 23

Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Answer 23

Diploid

Question 24

Cells only having one copy of each chromosome, as in sex sells

Answer 24

Haploid

Question 25

An orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

Answer 25

Cell Cycle

Question 26

Two main periods of the cell cycle are:

Answer 26

Interphase - Cells NOT dividing Mitosis - Cells dividing

Question 27

DNA replication | High metabolic activity this is where the cell does mots of its growing.

Answer 27

Interphase

Question 28

What are the THREE phases of Interphase

Answer 28

1. G1 Phase 2. S Phase 3. G2 Phase

Question 29

During this phase of interphase, replication of organelles and cytosol components occurs (approx 8-10 hours)

Answer 29

G1 Phase

Question 30

During this phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs (8 hours)

Answer 30

S Phase

Question 31

During this phase of interphase continuation and maturation of cell growth and preparation for cell division occurs

Answer 31

G2 Phase

Question 32

During this phase of the cell cycle, the end product is two identical cells

Answer 32

Mitotic Phase

Question 33

During this phase of cell cycle, division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles occurs. Happens in Late Anaphase. Contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around the centre of the cell.

Answer 33

Cytokinesis

Question 34

________________ is a normal type of cell death - an orderly genetically programmed death.

Answer 34

Apoptosis

Question 35

___________ is a pathological type of cell death resulting from cell injury. Cells may swell, burst and spill their cytoplasm

Answer 35

Necrosis

Question 36

What are the FOUR stages of Mitosis?

Answer 36

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 37

During this stage of Mitosis chromatin fibres condense into chromosomes consisting of pair chromatids, held together by a centromere. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear and centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

Answer 37

Prophase

Question 38

During this stage of Mitosis centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the metaphase plate (equator), these are lined up by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle

Answer 38

Metaphase

Question 39

During this stage of Mitosis centrosomes split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair. Once separated, the chromatids are termed chromosomes. Individual sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 39

Anaphase

Question 40

During this state of Mitosis the nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes resume chromatin form and the mitotic spindle disappears.

Answer 40

Telophase

Question 41

This process of reproductive cell division occurs in the gonads (testes and ovaries) and produces a gamete with half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

Answer 41

Meiosis

Question 42

There are two successive stages of Meiosis

Answer 42

1. Meiosis 1 | 2. Meiosis 2

Question 43

Meiosis 1 has FOUR phases:

Answer 43

1. Prophase 1 2. Metaphase 1 3. Anaphase 1 4. Telophase 1

Question 44

During this phase of Meiosis 1 chromosomes shorten and thicken. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappears and mitotic spindles form

Answer 44

Prophase 1

Question 45

During this phase of Meiosis 1 tetrads line up along the metaphase plate of the cell and homologous chromosomes are side by side.

Answer 45

Metaphase 1

Question 46

During this phase of Meiosis 1 each homologous pair of chromosomes separate as they are pulled to opposite poles of the cells by microtubules

Answer 46

Anaphase 1

Question 47

During this phase of Meiosis (similar to mitosis) nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes resume chromatin form and mitotis spindles disappear. The cytoplasm replicates

Answer 47

Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis

Question 48

________________ begins with a diploid starting cell and ends with two cells that are haploid

Answer 48

Meiosis 1

Question 49

________________ begins with each of the 2 haploid cells from Meiosis 1 and they divide to get a net result of 4 haploid cells (gametes)

Answer 49

Meiosis 2