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Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT > A&P1 - LP#1 > Flashcards

A&P1 - LP#1 Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy - Chemical Level

1
Q

The biological study of structure and organization of the human body is?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of anatotomical landmarks on the surface of the body via visualization and palpation

A

Surface Anatomy

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3
Q

The study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

A

Gross Anatomy

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4
Q

The study of structure of a specific system(s) of the body.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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5
Q

The study of specific regions of the body (i.e., head and chest)

A

Regional Anatomy

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6
Q

The study of changes associated with disease.

A

Pathological Anatomy

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7
Q

The study of internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans etc. for clinical analysis and medical interventions.

A

Imaging Anatomy

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8
Q

The study of microscopic structures.

A

Histology

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9
Q

The biological study of the vital functions of living organisms and its parts.

A

Physiology

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10
Q

The study of functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

A

Molecular Physiology

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11
Q

The study of functional properties of the nerve cells

A

Neurophysiology

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12
Q

The study of hormones and how they regulate the body

A

Endocrinology

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13
Q

The study of functions of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular Physiology

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14
Q

The study of how the body defends against disease causing agents.

A

Immunology Physiology

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15
Q

The study of functions of the air passageways and lungs

A

Respiratory Physiology

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16
Q

The study of the function of the kidneys

A

Renal Physiology

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17
Q

The study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.

A

Exercise Physiology

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18
Q

The study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.

A

Pathophysiology

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19
Q

What are the SIX levels of Structural Organization of the Body

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. System Level
  6. The Organismal Level
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20
Q

The very basic level of structural organization. The smallest non-living units of matter. There is participation in chemical reactions. Includes Atoms & Molecules

A

Chemical Level of Organization

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21
Q

The smallest unit of matter is…

A

Atom

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22
Q

Two of more atoms joined together is called…

A

Molecule

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23
Q

This Structural Level is made up of cells - the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals (molecules)

A

Cellular Level of Organization

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24
Q

This structural level is made up of tissues which are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

A

Tissue Level of Organization

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25
Q

This structural level of organization consists of different types of tissues joined together to form organs.

A

The Organ Level of Organization

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26
Q

This structural level of organization consists of related organs with a common function.

A

The System Level of Organization

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27
Q

This level of organization consists of all the parts of the human body functioning together. The largest level

A

The Organismal Level of Organization.

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28
Q

What are the ELEVEN systems of the Body?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Lymphatic
  7. Digestive
  8. Reproductive
  9. Cardiovascular
  10. Respiratory
  11. Urinary
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29
Q

Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands and oil glands

A

Integumentary System

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30
Q

Bones, Joints and Cartilage

A

Skeletal System

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31
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Muscular System

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32
Q

Brain, Spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs

A

Nervous System

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33
Q

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes

A

Endocrine System

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34
Q

The Lymphatic System consists of…

A

Lymph Fluid, Lymph Vessels, Speen, Thymus, Lymph Nodes, Tonsils

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35
Q

The Digestive System consists of…

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, Anus, Accessory Glands

36
Q

Which system contains gonads, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, penis, mammary glands, epidydmus, seminal vesicles, prostate

A

Reproductive System

37
Q

Heart, Blood, Arteries, Veins

A

Cardiovascular System

38
Q

Lungs, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes,

A

Respiratory System

39
Q

What does the Urinary System consist of?

A

Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra.

40
Q

What are the SIX basic life processes?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
41
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

All of the chemical processes that occur in the body where living organisms obtain and use energy.

42
Q

What is Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to change.

43
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.

44
Q

The conditional of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

A

Homeostasis.

45
Q

What are TWO types of Bodily Fluids?

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

46
Q

What are the different types of Extracellular Fluids?

A

Interstitial Fluids, Blood Plasma, Lymph, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Synovial Fluid

47
Q

Factors that disrupt Homeostasis are?

A

External, Internal and Psychological Factors.

48
Q

What is a feedback System?

A

Regulating systems that can usually bring the internal environment back into balance.

49
Q

A cycle of events in which that status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated and so on.

A

Feedback System

50
Q

Each monitored variable, such as body temperature or blood pressure is called a…

A

Controlled Variable/Condition

51
Q

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a…

52
Q

This type of feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. It is the body’s primary method of maintaining homeostasis. Senses changes in the body and slowly returns it to normal

A

Negative Feedback

53
Q

This type of feedback strengthens or reinforces a change (initial stimulus) in one of the body’s controlled conditoons

A

Positive Feedback

54
Q

Example of Negative Feed Back

A

Blood Pressure Regulation

55
Q

Example of Positive Feed Back

A

Natural Childbirth.

56
Q

A structure that monitors change and sends input to the control centre

57
Q

The brain, which sets a range of normal values in which conditions should be maintained, evaluates the input received from receptors, and generates the necessary output commands. (In Feedback Loop)

A

Control Centre

58
Q

The body part that recieves output from the control centre and produces an effect (response). Almost every organ/tissue can act as a….

59
Q

What is a Disorder?

A

Abnormality of structure or function

60
Q

What is Disease?

A

More specific term for an illness marked by recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Disease can local or systemic.

61
Q

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer are…

62
Q

Objective changes that a doctor/nurse/rmt can observe and measure

63
Q

What are the three states of matter

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas

64
Q

What are the Major Elements of the body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

65
Q

What are the Minor Elements of the Body?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron

66
Q

Protons are…

A

Positively Charges

67
Q

Neutrons are…

A

Uncharged/Neutral

68
Q

Electrons are…

A

Negatively Charged

69
Q

The dense core of an atom is called a…

70
Q

An atom that has a positive charge or negative charge due to unequal numbers or protons and electrons is…

71
Q

When 2 or more atoms (of the same of different kind) share electrons

72
Q

A substance that contains atoms of 2 of more different elements is…

73
Q

What is a Free Radical?

A

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell. It is unstable

74
Q

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

A

Chemical Bond

75
Q

Under the right conditions, 2 or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of 8 valence electrons from each atom. This is called the…

A

Octet Rule.

76
Q

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges is

A

an Ionic Bond

77
Q

Ions can be:

A

Cations or Anions

78
Q

A positively charged ion because the total number of protons exceeds the number of electrons (more protons)

79
Q

A negatively charged ion because the total number of electrons exceeds the number of protons (more electrons)

80
Q

_____________ is an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in a solution.

A

Electrolyte

81
Q

This type of solution conducts an electrical charge

A

Electrolyte

82
Q

When two of more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

A

Covalent Bonds

83
Q

There are 3 types of Covalent Bonds

A
  1. Single Covalent Bond (1 electron pair)
  2. Double Covalen Bond (2 pairs of electrons)
  3. Triple Covalent Bond( 3 electron pairs)
84
Q

When 2 atoms share the electrons equally

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

85
Q

The unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms: the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom.

A

Polar Covalent Bond

86
Q

The polar covalent bond that forms between hydrogem atoms and other atoms can give rise to this….

A

Hydrogen Bond

87
Q

This is the type of bond weak and found between water molecules

A

Hydrogen Bond

Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT (8 decks)

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