A&P1 - LP#2

Question 1

When new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

Answer 1

Chemical Recactions

Question 2

In a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants =

Answer 2

= the total mass of products

Question 3

The capacity to do work is

Answer 3

Energy

Question 4

Two principle forms of energy are:

Answer 4

1. Potential Energy

2. Kinetic Energy

Question 5

Energy stored by matter to its position

Answer 5

Potential Energy

Question 6

Energy associated with matter in motion

Answer 6

Kinetic Energy

Question 7

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 7

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.

Question 8

This type of chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs

Answer 8

Exergonic Reaction (Breakdown if Nutrients > Glucose > 32 ATP)

Question 9

This type of chemical reaction absorbs more energy than they release

Answer 9

Endergonic Reaction (32 ATP used to drive processes like building muscles and bones)

Question 10

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants is

Answer 10

Activation Energy

Question 11

Two factors influence the change that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction. They are:

Answer 11

1. Concentration

2. Temperature

Question 12

The more particles of matter there in a confined space, the great likelihood of collisions

Answer 12

Concentration

Question 13

A temperature rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly. The higher the temperature the more frequently the particles will collide and greated chance of reaction

Answer 13

Temperature

Question 14

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. Enzymes are the most important type of ____________ in the human body.

Answer 14

Catalysts

Question 15

There are 4 types of Chemical Reactions:

Answer 15

1. Anabolism: A+B = AB
2. Catabolism: AB –> A+B
3. Exchange Reactions: AB+CD = AD+BC
4. Reversible Reactions: AB<=>A+B

Question 16

Synthesis Reactions in the body - when two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. Means “To Put Together”
- Usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release.

Answer 16

Anabolism

Question 17

Decomposition reactions in the body - the splitting up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules.
- “To Break Apart”
- Usually exergonic because they release more energy than they absorb
Ex: Glucose —> Pyruvic Acid + 2ATP

Answer 17

Catabolism

Question 18

Reactions consisting of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
- “Switch Partners”

Answer 18

Exchange Reactions

Question 19

The products can revert to their original reactants

- may need to take place under certain conditions such as water or heat.

Answer 19

Reversible Reactions

Question 20

This type of compound usually lacks carbon and is structurally simple. It can have either ionic or covalent bonds.
- Makes up about 60% of human body.

Answer 20

Inorganic Compounds

Question 21

This type of compounds always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen. Always have covalent bonds. Are loarger molecules and have chains of carbon atoms.
- Make up 38-43% of human body

Answer 21

Organic Compounds

Question 22

This is the most abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

Answer 22

Water

Question 23

Most important property of water is its ______________. This makes water an excellent solvent for other substances, as it gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to resist temperature change.

Answer 23

Polarity

Question 24

A ________ is a substance that dissolves another substance (called a solute)

Answer 24

Solvent

Question 25

Polar covalent bonds that dissolve easily in water | - Water Loving

Answer 25

Hydrophilic

Question 26

Non-polar covalent bonds that are not very water soluble. | - Water Hating

Answer 26

Hydrophobic

Question 27

___________ means to break apart

Answer 27

"Lysis"

Question 28

The breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules. - Enables dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

Answer 28

Hydrolysis

Question 29

When two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, one of the products is water.

Answer 29

Dehydration Synthesis.

Question 30

___________ means to dissolve in water; separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.

Answer 30

Dissociate

Question 31

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions. - Proton DONOR

Answer 31

Acid

Question 32

Atoms or groups of atoms that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons that protons, they are negatively charged.

Answer 32

Anions

Question 33

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide (OH-) ions and one more more cations. - Proton ACCEPTOR

Answer 33

Base

Question 34

A positively charged ion

Answer 34

Cation

Question 35

When dissolved in water, _________ dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH- It is important because they carry electrical currents, especially nerve and muscular tissues.

Answer 35

Salts

Question 36

Acids and Bases react with one another to form __________.

Answer 36

Salts

Question 37

A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the __________ which extends from 0-14

Answer 37

pH Scale

Question 38

A solution that has more H+ than OH- is an ________ solution and has a pH _______ 7

Answer 38

Acidic Solution Below 7

Question 39

A solution that has more OH- than H+ is a ___________ solution and has a pH ________ 7.

Answer 39

Basic (Alkaline) Solution Above 7

Question 40

The pH of Human Blood is

Answer 40

7.35-7.45 pH

Question 41

Blood pH below 7.35 results in ___________

Answer 41

Acidosis

Question 42

Blood pH above 7.45 results in ___________

Answer 42

Alkalosis

Question 43

__________ converts strong acids and bases into weak acids or bases - involves chemical compounds that convert strong acids/bases to weaker ones by removing or adding protons.

Answer 43

Buffer Systems

Question 44

Name one important buffer system of the body

Answer 44

"Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System"

Question 45

_____________ have unique characteristics that allow them to carry out complex functions.

Answer 45

Organic Compounds

Question 46

There are FIVE key categories of Organic Compounds

Answer 46

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 5. Adenosine Triphosphates (ATP)

Question 47

This element is useful for living organisms, due to its unique bonding capability - can bond to several other ________'s to produce large molecules. - has 4 electrons in its valence shell and it bonds together by covalent bonds.

Answer 47

Carbon

Question 48

Large molecules from smaller ones | ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Answer 48

Macromolecules

Question 49

A large molecule formed by colvalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules called monomers.

Answer 49

Polymers

Question 50

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures ex: Glucose and Fructose

Answer 50

Isomers

Question 51

Examples of Carbohydrates are:

Answer 51

Sugars, Glycogen, Starches and Cellulose

Question 52

Carbohydrates represent what percentage of body mass.

Answer 52

2-3%

Question 53

Elements found in Carbohydrates are:

Answer 53

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Question 54

A source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions - This is a function of this organic compound

Answer 54

Carbohydrates

Question 55

Three major groups of Carbohydrates are:

Answer 55

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 56

These 2 types of carbohydrates are called Simple Sugars:

Answer 56

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Question 57

Tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration sythesis reactions make up _____________. - Usually insoluable in water and to not taste sweet. - The main _______________ in the body is in the form of glycogen. - Starches are another example.

Answer 57

Polysaccharides.

Question 58

____________ make up 18-25% of the bodies mass. Elements found in __________ include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. - It is insoluble in water - Hydrophobic

Answer 58

Lipids

Question 59

A lipid molecule that joins with hydrophilic protein molecules

Answer 59

Lipoprotein

Question 60

Five types of Lipids are:

Answer 60

1. Fatty Acids 2. Triglycerides 3. Phospholipids 4. Steroids 5. Eicosanoids

Question 61

This type of lipid can be used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. It can generate ATP and consists of a carboxyl and hydrocarbon chain. - Saturated or Unsaturated.

Answer 61

Fatty Acids

Question 62

This type of lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage.

Answer 62

Triglycerides

Question 63

This type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes. Has a polar head and non-polar tails.

Answer 63

Phospholipids

Question 64

Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Vitamin D, Adrenocortical Hormones and Sex Hormones are all types of this type of lipid.

Answer 64

Steroid.

Question 65

This type of lipid has a diverse effect on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown and smooth muscle contraction. - ex: prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Answer 65

Eicosanoids

Question 66

This type of organic compound has large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. - 12-18% if human body mass. - Has complex Structure.

Answer 66

Proteins

Question 67

What are the SIX functions of proteins?

Answer 67

1. Structural 2. Regulatory 3. Contractile 4. Immunological 5. Transport 6. Catalytic

Question 68

A number of these make up a protein.

Answer 68

Amino Acids

Question 69

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Answer 69

Twenty

Question 70

Amino Acids consist of THREE important functional groups.

Answer 70

1. Amino Group: --NH3 2. Acid Carboxyl Group: --COOH 3. Side Chain: --R Group

Question 71

What are the 4 types of structural organization of proteins

Answer 71

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary

Question 72

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is

Answer 72

Primary Protein Structure

Question 73

Alpha helix and beta pleted sheets included/folding of neighbouring amino acids

Answer 73

Secondary Protein Structure

Question 74

Overall folding patter of three dimensional shape

Answer 74

Tertiary Protein Structure

Question 75

Two or more polypeptide chains relative to one another

Answer 75

Quarternary Protein Structure

Question 76

A process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state. This happens when a protein encounters an altered environment. Lose of shape results in loss of function

Answer 76

Denaturation

Question 77

____________ are catylysts, and help speed up chemical reactions without being altered or consumed

Answer 77

Enzymes

Question 78

Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. A ______________ is a chain or repeating monomers called nucleotides.

Answer 78

Nucleic Acid

Question 79

There are two types of Nucleic Acids

Answer 79

DNA and RNA

Question 80

What are the three parts of DNA

Answer 80

1. Nitrogenous Base 2. Pentose Sugar 3. Phosphate Group

Question 81

What are the FOUR Nitrogenous Bases in DNA?

Answer 81

(A) - Adenine (T) - Thymine (C) - Cytosine (G) - Guanine

Question 82

Two strands of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the uprights of the ladder. Paired bases held together by hydrogen bonds form the rungs. Resembles a spiral ladder.

Answer 82

Double Helix Model

Question 83

What are the THREE main differences of RNA and DNA?

Answer 83

1. RNA is single stranded / DNA is double stranded 2. Ribose in RNA and Deoxyribose in DNA 3. RNA has Uracil while DNA has Thymine.

Question 84

What is the ENERGY CURRENCY of living systems.

Answer 84

Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP

Question 85

_____________ Powers cellular activity that require energy: - Muscular Contractions - Movement of structures within the cell - Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

Answer 85

Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP