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Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT > A&P1 - LP#2 > Flashcards

A&P1 - LP#2 Flashcards

Energy Transfer in checmical reactions; Inorganic Compounds and Solutions; Organic Compounds

1
Q

When new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

A

Chemical Recactions

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2
Q

In a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants =

A

= the total mass of products

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3
Q

The capacity to do work is

A

Energy

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4
Q

Two principle forms of energy are:

A
  1. Potential Energy

2. Kinetic Energy

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5
Q

Energy stored by matter to its position

A

Potential Energy

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6
Q

Energy associated with matter in motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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7
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.

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8
Q

This type of chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs

A

Exergonic Reaction (Breakdown if Nutrients > Glucose > 32 ATP)

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9
Q

This type of chemical reaction absorbs more energy than they release

A

Endergonic Reaction (32 ATP used to drive processes like building muscles and bones)

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10
Q

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants is

A

Activation Energy

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11
Q

Two factors influence the change that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction. They are:

A
  1. Concentration

2. Temperature

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12
Q

The more particles of matter there in a confined space, the great likelihood of collisions

A

Concentration

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13
Q

A temperature rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly. The higher the temperature the more frequently the particles will collide and greated chance of reaction

A

Temperature

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14
Q

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. Enzymes are the most important type of ____________ in the human body.

A

Catalysts

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15
Q

There are 4 types of Chemical Reactions:

A
  1. Anabolism: A+B = AB
  2. Catabolism: AB –> A+B
  3. Exchange Reactions: AB+CD = AD+BC
  4. Reversible Reactions: AB<=>A+B
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16
Q

Synthesis Reactions in the body - when two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. Means “To Put Together”
- Usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release.

A

Anabolism

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17
Q

Decomposition reactions in the body - the splitting up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules.
- “To Break Apart”
- Usually exergonic because they release more energy than they absorb
Ex: Glucose —> Pyruvic Acid + 2ATP

A

Catabolism

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18
Q

Reactions consisting of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
- “Switch Partners”

A

Exchange Reactions

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19
Q

The products can revert to their original reactants

- may need to take place under certain conditions such as water or heat.

A

Reversible Reactions

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20
Q

This type of compound usually lacks carbon and is structurally simple. It can have either ionic or covalent bonds.
- Makes up about 60% of human body.

A

Inorganic Compounds

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21
Q

This type of compounds always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen. Always have covalent bonds. Are loarger molecules and have chains of carbon atoms.
- Make up 38-43% of human body

A

Organic Compounds

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22
Q

This is the most abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

A

Water

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23
Q

Most important property of water is its ______________. This makes water an excellent solvent for other substances, as it gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to resist temperature change.

A

Polarity

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24
Q

A ________ is a substance that dissolves another substance (called a solute)

A

Solvent

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25
Q

Polar covalent bonds that dissolve easily in water

- Water Loving

A

Hydrophilic

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26
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds that are not very water soluble.

- Water Hating

A

Hydrophobic

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27
Q

___________ means to break apart

A

“Lysis”

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28
Q

The breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules.
- Enables dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

A

Hydrolysis

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29
Q

When two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, one of the products is water.

A

Dehydration Synthesis.

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30
Q

___________ means to dissolve in water; separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.

A

Dissociate

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31
Q

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions.
- Proton DONOR

A

Acid

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32
Q

Atoms or groups of atoms that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons that protons, they are negatively charged.

A

Anions

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33
Q

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide (OH-) ions and one more more cations.
- Proton ACCEPTOR

A

Base

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34
Q

A positively charged ion

A

Cation

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35
Q

When dissolved in water, _________ dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

It is important because they carry electrical currents, especially nerve and muscular tissues.

A

Salts

36
Q

Acids and Bases react with one another to form __________.

A

Salts

37
Q

A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the __________ which extends from 0-14

A

pH Scale

38
Q

A solution that has more H+ than OH- is an ________ solution and has a pH _______ 7

A

Acidic Solution

Below 7

39
Q

A solution that has more OH- than H+ is a ___________ solution and has a pH ________ 7.

A

Basic (Alkaline) Solution

Above 7

40
Q

The pH of Human Blood is

A

7.35-7.45 pH

41
Q

Blood pH below 7.35 results in ___________

A

Acidosis

42
Q

Blood pH above 7.45 results in ___________

A

Alkalosis

43
Q

__________ converts strong acids and bases into weak acids or bases
- involves chemical compounds that convert strong acids/bases to weaker ones by removing or adding protons.

A

Buffer Systems

44
Q

Name one important buffer system of the body

A

“Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System”

45
Q

_____________ have unique characteristics that allow them to carry out complex functions.

A

Organic Compounds

46
Q

There are FIVE key categories of Organic Compounds

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  5. Adenosine Triphosphates (ATP)
47
Q

This element is useful for living organisms, due to its unique bonding capability - can bond to several other ________’s to produce large molecules.
- has 4 electrons in its valence shell and it bonds together by covalent bonds.

A

Carbon

48
Q

Large molecules from smaller ones

ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

A

Macromolecules

49
Q

A large molecule formed by colvalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules called monomers.

A

Polymers

50
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
ex: Glucose and Fructose

A

Isomers

51
Q

Examples of Carbohydrates are:

A

Sugars, Glycogen, Starches and Cellulose

52
Q

Carbohydrates represent what percentage of body mass.

A

2-3%

53
Q

Elements found in Carbohydrates are:

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

54
Q

A source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions - This is a function of this organic compound

A

Carbohydrates

55
Q

Three major groups of Carbohydrates are:

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

56
Q

These 2 types of carbohydrates are called Simple Sugars:

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

57
Q

Tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration sythesis reactions make up _____________.

  • Usually insoluable in water and to not taste sweet.
  • The main _______________ in the body is in the form of glycogen.
  • Starches are another example.
A

Polysaccharides.

58
Q

____________ make up 18-25% of the bodies mass. Elements found in __________ include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
- It is insoluble in water - Hydrophobic

A

Lipids

59
Q

A lipid molecule that joins with hydrophilic protein molecules

A

Lipoprotein

60
Q

Five types of Lipids are:

A
  1. Fatty Acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Steroids
  5. Eicosanoids
61
Q

This type of lipid can be used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. It can generate ATP and consists of a carboxyl and hydrocarbon chain.
- Saturated or Unsaturated.

A

Fatty Acids

62
Q

This type of lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage.

A

Triglycerides

63
Q

This type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes. Has a polar head and non-polar tails.

A

Phospholipids

64
Q

Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Vitamin D, Adrenocortical Hormones and Sex Hormones are all types of this type of lipid.

A

Steroid.

65
Q

This type of lipid has a diverse effect on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown and smooth muscle contraction.
- ex: prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

A

Eicosanoids

66
Q

This type of organic compound has large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.

  • 12-18% if human body mass.
  • Has complex Structure.
A

Proteins

67
Q

What are the SIX functions of proteins?

A
  1. Structural
  2. Regulatory
  3. Contractile
  4. Immunological
  5. Transport
  6. Catalytic
68
Q

A number of these make up a protein.

A

Amino Acids

69
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

Twenty

70
Q

Amino Acids consist of THREE important functional groups.

A
  1. Amino Group: –NH3
  2. Acid Carboxyl Group: –COOH
  3. Side Chain: –R Group
71
Q

What are the 4 types of structural organization of proteins

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary

72
Q

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is

A

Primary Protein Structure

73
Q

Alpha helix and beta pleted sheets included/folding of neighbouring amino acids

A

Secondary Protein Structure

74
Q

Overall folding patter of three dimensional shape

A

Tertiary Protein Structure

75
Q

Two or more polypeptide chains relative to one another

A

Quarternary Protein Structure

76
Q

A process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state. This happens when a protein encounters an altered environment. Lose of shape results in loss of function

A

Denaturation

77
Q

____________ are catylysts, and help speed up chemical reactions without being altered or consumed

A

Enzymes

78
Q

Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. A ______________ is a chain or repeating monomers called nucleotides.

A

Nucleic Acid

79
Q

There are two types of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

80
Q

What are the three parts of DNA

A
  1. Nitrogenous Base
  2. Pentose Sugar
  3. Phosphate Group
81
Q

What are the FOUR Nitrogenous Bases in DNA?

A

(A) - Adenine
(T) - Thymine
(C) - Cytosine
(G) - Guanine

82
Q

Two strands of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the uprights of the ladder. Paired bases held together by hydrogen bonds form the rungs.
Resembles a spiral ladder.

A

Double Helix Model

83
Q

What are the THREE main differences of RNA and DNA?

A
  1. RNA is single stranded / DNA is double stranded
  2. Ribose in RNA and Deoxyribose in DNA
  3. RNA has Uracil while DNA has Thymine.
84
Q

What is the ENERGY CURRENCY of living systems.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP

85
Q

_____________ Powers cellular activity that require energy:

  • Muscular Contractions
  • Movement of structures within the cell
  • Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
A

Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP

Anatomy & Physiology 1 - MT (8 decks)

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