A&P1 - LP#2 Flashcards
Energy Transfer in checmical reactions; Inorganic Compounds and Solutions; Organic Compounds
When new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms
Chemical Recactions
In a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants =
= the total mass of products
The capacity to do work is
Energy
Two principle forms of energy are:
- Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
Energy stored by matter to its position
Potential Energy
Energy associated with matter in motion
Kinetic Energy
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.
This type of chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs
Exergonic Reaction (Breakdown if Nutrients > Glucose > 32 ATP)
This type of chemical reaction absorbs more energy than they release
Endergonic Reaction (32 ATP used to drive processes like building muscles and bones)
The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants is
Activation Energy
Two factors influence the change that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction. They are:
- Concentration
2. Temperature
The more particles of matter there in a confined space, the great likelihood of collisions
Concentration
A temperature rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly. The higher the temperature the more frequently the particles will collide and greated chance of reaction
Temperature
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. Enzymes are the most important type of ____________ in the human body.
Catalysts
There are 4 types of Chemical Reactions:
- Anabolism: A+B = AB
- Catabolism: AB –> A+B
- Exchange Reactions: AB+CD = AD+BC
- Reversible Reactions: AB<=>A+B
Synthesis Reactions in the body - when two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. Means “To Put Together”
- Usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release.
Anabolism
Decomposition reactions in the body - the splitting up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules.
- “To Break Apart”
- Usually exergonic because they release more energy than they absorb
Ex: Glucose —> Pyruvic Acid + 2ATP
Catabolism
Reactions consisting of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
- “Switch Partners”
Exchange Reactions
The products can revert to their original reactants
- may need to take place under certain conditions such as water or heat.
Reversible Reactions
This type of compound usually lacks carbon and is structurally simple. It can have either ionic or covalent bonds.
- Makes up about 60% of human body.
Inorganic Compounds
This type of compounds always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen. Always have covalent bonds. Are loarger molecules and have chains of carbon atoms.
- Make up 38-43% of human body
Organic Compounds
This is the most abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.
Water
Most important property of water is its ______________. This makes water an excellent solvent for other substances, as it gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to resist temperature change.
Polarity
A ________ is a substance that dissolves another substance (called a solute)
Solvent
Polar covalent bonds that dissolve easily in water
- Water Loving
Hydrophilic
Non-polar covalent bonds that are not very water soluble.
- Water Hating
Hydrophobic
___________ means to break apart
“Lysis”
The breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules.
- Enables dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body
Hydrolysis
When two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, one of the products is water.
Dehydration Synthesis.
___________ means to dissolve in water; separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
Dissociate
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions.
- Proton DONOR
Acid
Atoms or groups of atoms that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons that protons, they are negatively charged.
Anions
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide (OH-) ions and one more more cations.
- Proton ACCEPTOR
Base
A positively charged ion
Cation
When dissolved in water, _________ dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
It is important because they carry electrical currents, especially nerve and muscular tissues.
Salts
Acids and Bases react with one another to form __________.
Salts
A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the __________ which extends from 0-14
pH Scale
A solution that has more H+ than OH- is an ________ solution and has a pH _______ 7
Acidic Solution
Below 7
A solution that has more OH- than H+ is a ___________ solution and has a pH ________ 7.
Basic (Alkaline) Solution
Above 7
The pH of Human Blood is
7.35-7.45 pH
Blood pH below 7.35 results in ___________
Acidosis
Blood pH above 7.45 results in ___________
Alkalosis
__________ converts strong acids and bases into weak acids or bases
- involves chemical compounds that convert strong acids/bases to weaker ones by removing or adding protons.
Buffer Systems
Name one important buffer system of the body
“Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System”
_____________ have unique characteristics that allow them to carry out complex functions.
Organic Compounds
There are FIVE key categories of Organic Compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Adenosine Triphosphates (ATP)
This element is useful for living organisms, due to its unique bonding capability - can bond to several other ________’s to produce large molecules.
- has 4 electrons in its valence shell and it bonds together by covalent bonds.
Carbon
Large molecules from smaller ones
ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Macromolecules
A large molecule formed by colvalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules called monomers.
Polymers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
ex: Glucose and Fructose
Isomers
Examples of Carbohydrates are:
Sugars, Glycogen, Starches and Cellulose
Carbohydrates represent what percentage of body mass.
2-3%
Elements found in Carbohydrates are:
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
A source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions - This is a function of this organic compound
Carbohydrates
Three major groups of Carbohydrates are:
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
These 2 types of carbohydrates are called Simple Sugars:
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration sythesis reactions make up _____________.
- Usually insoluable in water and to not taste sweet.
- The main _______________ in the body is in the form of glycogen.
- Starches are another example.
Polysaccharides.
____________ make up 18-25% of the bodies mass. Elements found in __________ include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.
- It is insoluble in water - Hydrophobic
Lipids
A lipid molecule that joins with hydrophilic protein molecules
Lipoprotein
Five types of Lipids are:
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Eicosanoids
This type of lipid can be used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. It can generate ATP and consists of a carboxyl and hydrocarbon chain.
- Saturated or Unsaturated.
Fatty Acids
This type of lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage.
Triglycerides
This type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes. Has a polar head and non-polar tails.
Phospholipids
Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Vitamin D, Adrenocortical Hormones and Sex Hormones are all types of this type of lipid.
Steroid.
This type of lipid has a diverse effect on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown and smooth muscle contraction.
- ex: prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Eicosanoids
This type of organic compound has large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.
- 12-18% if human body mass.
- Has complex Structure.
Proteins
What are the SIX functions of proteins?
- Structural
- Regulatory
- Contractile
- Immunological
- Transport
- Catalytic
A number of these make up a protein.
Amino Acids
How many different types of amino acids are there?
Twenty
Amino Acids consist of THREE important functional groups.
- Amino Group: –NH3
- Acid Carboxyl Group: –COOH
- Side Chain: –R Group
What are the 4 types of structural organization of proteins
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is
Primary Protein Structure
Alpha helix and beta pleted sheets included/folding of neighbouring amino acids
Secondary Protein Structure
Overall folding patter of three dimensional shape
Tertiary Protein Structure
Two or more polypeptide chains relative to one another
Quarternary Protein Structure
A process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state. This happens when a protein encounters an altered environment. Lose of shape results in loss of function
Denaturation
____________ are catylysts, and help speed up chemical reactions without being altered or consumed
Enzymes
Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. A ______________ is a chain or repeating monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleic Acid
There are two types of Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
What are the three parts of DNA
- Nitrogenous Base
- Pentose Sugar
- Phosphate Group
What are the FOUR Nitrogenous Bases in DNA?
(A) - Adenine
(T) - Thymine
(C) - Cytosine
(G) - Guanine
Two strands of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the uprights of the ladder. Paired bases held together by hydrogen bonds form the rungs.
Resembles a spiral ladder.
Double Helix Model
What are the THREE main differences of RNA and DNA?
- RNA is single stranded / DNA is double stranded
- Ribose in RNA and Deoxyribose in DNA
- RNA has Uracil while DNA has Thymine.
What is the ENERGY CURRENCY of living systems.
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
_____________ Powers cellular activity that require energy:
- Muscular Contractions
- Movement of structures within the cell
- Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
