A&P1 - LP#6 Flashcards
Connective Tissue
The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body is ______________.
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue consists of TWO basic elements:
- Extracellular Matrix
2. Cells
Connective tissue is primarily vascular except _______________ & _____________.
Cartilage & Tendon.
Connective tissue are supplied by nerves with exception of ______________.
Cartilage.
Connective Tissue has SEVEN functions:
- Binds tissue together.
- Support and strengthen other body tissues
- Protects and insulates internal organs
- Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles.
- Serve as the major transport system within the body (blood).
- The primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose tissue)
- The main source of immune response.
The SIX types of cells found in Connective Tissue are:
- Fibroblasts - secrete fibres and components of ground substance
- Macrophages - engulfs bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
- Plasma Cells - Secretes antibodies
- Mast Cells - Produce Histamine
- Adipocytes - Store Triglycerides (fats)
- White Blood Cells - Immune Response; ex: neutrphils, eosinophils.
The extracellular matrix consists of TWO components:
- Ground Substance
2. Fibres
What is ground substance?
Found between cells and fibres.
Fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or calcified.
Functions to support and bind cells, store water and allow exchange between blood and cells.
Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides.
There are THREE types of Fibres
- Collagen Fibres
- Elastic Fibres
- Reticular Fibres
This type of fibre is very strong and resist pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for tissue flexibility. Found in most types of CT, especially bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
Collagen Fibres
This type of fibres are smaller, branched and joint together to form a fibrous network within connective tissue. They are strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking.
Plentiful in the skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue.
Elastic Fibres
This type of fibre consists of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein. Provides support and strength. It is plentiful in reticular tissue, forms the supporting framework of many soft organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. These fibres also help form the basement membrane.
Reticular Fibres.
What are the TWO types of Embryonic Connective Tissue?
- Mesenchyme - forms almost all other types of CT
2. Mucous Connective Tissue - Forms umbilical cord of fetus
What are the FIVE types of mature connective tissue?
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone Tissue
- Liquid Connective Tissue.
There are THREE types of LOOSE connective tissue:
- Areolar Connective Tissue
- Adipose Tissue
- Reticular Connective Tissue
This type of CT is widely distributed throughout the body. Contains several types of cells and all three fibres. Provides strength, elasticity and support.
Areolar Connective Tissue
This type of CT are from fibroblasts (adipocytes). They reduce heat loss through the skin and serves as energy reserve. Also supports and protects the organs. Can be white in adults or brown in infants.
Adipose Tissue
This type of CT is a fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and cells. They form the stroma (supporting framework) of organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes)
Reticular Connective Tissue
There are THREE types of DENSE connective tissue:
- Dense Regular CT
- Dense Irregular CT
- Elastic CT
In this type of dense CT bundles of collagen fibres are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength. Forms tendons and most ligaments (strong attachments)
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
In this type of dense CT collage fibres are usually irregularly arranged. Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions. Found in the dermis of the skin and heart.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
In this type of dense CT it contains branching elastic fibres. It is strong and recoil to original shape after stretching. It is located in the lung tissue and arteries.
Elastic Connective Tissue
A dense network of collagen fibres and elastic fibres firmly embeded in chondroitin sulfate
Cartilage Tissue
The mature cells of cartilage are called _______________
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes are found in spaces called __________ in the extracellular matrix
Lacunae
______________ is a covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves. Is the source of new cartilage cells.
Perichondrium
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
Avascular
There are THREE types of cartilage:
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
This is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body. Surrounded by perichondrium (with exception to articular cartilage). Provides flexability and support. Reduces friction
Hyaline Cartilage
This type of cartilage has chondrocytes scatter among bundles of collagen fibres within the extracellular matrix. Lacks a perichondrium, This is the strongest type of cartilage. Found in the intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
This type of cartilage has chondrocytes located within a threadlike network of elastic fibres. The perichondrium is present. Provides strength and elasticity.
Elastic Cartilage.
There are TYPES of cartilage growth:
- Interstitial Growth
2. Appositional Growth
This type of cartilage growth is referred to as “growth within the tissue.” When cartilage increases by this type of growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of extracellular matrix by the chondrocytes.
Interstitial Growth.
This type of cartilage growth is referred to as “growth at the outer surface.” When cartilage grows by this type of growth, cells in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts. As differentiation continues, the chondroblasts surrounds themselves with extracellular matrix and become chondrocytes. As a result, the matrix accumulates beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage, causing it to grow in width. This starts later than interstitial growth and continues into adolescence.
Appositional Growth.
Cartilage, joints and bones make up the ____________.
Skeletal System
The _______________ supports soft tissues, protects delicate structures and works with skeletal muscles to generate movement.
Skeletal System
Bones are organs composed of several different connective tissues.
- Bone (Osseous) tissue
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
- Compact Bone
- Spongy Bone
Compact bone has a _____________ system
Osteon (or Haversian)
Spongy bone lacks osteons. They have columns called ______________.
Trabeculae
Trabeculae contain:
Lamellae, Osteocytes, Lacunae and Canaliculi.
What is the function of bone tissue?
Support, protection and storage, houses blood forming tissue and serves as a lever for movement.
Mature connective tissue that has a liquid as its extracellular matrix
Liquid Connective Tissue
Name TWO types of liquid connective tissue:
- Blood
2. Lymph
This type of liquid connective tissue has a liquid extracellular matrix called _________ plasma and formed elements
Blood
______________ is a pale yellow fluid that consists mostly of water with a wide variety of dissolved substances - nutrients, wastes, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, respiratory gases and ions.
Blood Plasma
_________________ are red blood cells (erthrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).
Formed Elements
______________ transort oxygen to body cells and remove some carbon dioxide from them.
Red Blood Cells
_______________ are involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions (hisamine responses).
White Blood Cells
_______________ participates in blood clotting
Platelets
___________ is the extracellular fluid that flows in the lymphatic vessels.
Lymph
__________ tissue consist of elongated cells called myocytes that can use ATP to generate force.
Muscular Tissue
This type of tissue produces body movements, maintains posture and generates heat. It also provides protection
Muscular Tissue
There are THREE types of muscular tissue.
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
This type of muscular tissue consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibres. This type of muscle fibre vary greatly in length. From a few centimetres to 30-40cm (12-16 inches) in longest musle. A muscle fibre is roughly cylindrical, multinucleated cell with nuclei at the periphery. It is considered voluntary. Attached to bones of the skeleton
Skeletal Muscle
This type of muscle tissue consists of branches, striated fibres usually with one centrally located nucleus (occasionally two). It attaches end to end by transverse thickenings of plasma membrane called INTERCALATED DISCS which contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Involuntary movement and contraction is not consciously controlled. Located in heart wall and pumps blood to all parts of the body.
Cardiac Muscle
This type of muscle tissue consists of nonstriated fibres. Its muscle fibre is a small spindle shaped cell thickest in the middle, tapering at each end and containing a single cell with centrally located nuclei. Gap junctions connect many individual fibres in some of this muscle tissues (ex in the intestinal walls). Usually involuntary; can produce powerful contractions as many muscle fibres contract in unison. Located typically in the walls of hollow organs.
Smooth Muscle
Nerve tissue consists of TWO principles types of cells:
- Neuron
2. Neuroglia
______________ are sensitive to stimuli. They convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials and conduct these action potentials to other ______’s to muscle tissue or to glands. Most consist of three basic parts: cell body and two kinds of processes call axons and dendrites
Neuron
Three parts of a neuron are:
- Cell Body
- Dendrite
- Axon
In a neuron, the _____________ contains the nucleus and other organelles.
Cell Body
In a neuron, the _________ are tapering, highly branched and usually short cell processes (extensions) They are major receiving or input portions of the neuron.
Dendrites
In a neuron, the _________ of a neuron is a single, thin, cylindrical process that may be very long. It is the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward other neurons or some other tissue.
Axons
Neurons and muscle fibres are considered excitable cells because they exhibit ___________________.
Electrical Excitability
___________________ is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials.
Electrical Excitability
_________________ are immature, undifferentiated cells
Stem Cells
________________ is the restoration of an injured tissue or organ to normal structure and function.
Tissue Regeneration
If fibroblasts of the stroma are active in the repair of damaged tissue, the replacement tissue will be a new connective tissue. The fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other extracellular matrix materials that combine to form scar tissue. This process is known as _______________.
Fibrosis
_______________ is an actively growing connective tissue that is brought on when tissue damage is extensive and both stroma (supporting CT) and parenchymal cells are active in repair.
Granulation Tissue
What are the THREE factors that affect tissue repair?
- Nutrition
- Blood Circulation
- Age
