A&P Exams Flashcards
many neurotransmitters are broken down by
Enzymes
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:
Threshold
The basic functional units of the nervous system are
Neurons
The efferent processes of a nerve cell are the
axons
Which clinical sign is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
reduced heart rate
Which one of the following cranial nerves is known as the vagus nerve? When this nerve is stimulated, Bradycardia and/or syncope may occur
CN lll
CN lX
CN X
CN V
CN X
In a healthy animal, if you shine a light in one eye what should happen?
The pupils of both eyes should constrict
When the patellar ligament is tapped, what type of reflex causes the quadriceps muscle to contract, producing a small kick?
stretch reflex
The space between a neuron and a target cell is called the
Synapse
Gaps in the myelin sheath are referred to as
nodes of ranvier
A(n) __________ excites by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake. A(n) __________ inhibits a neurotransmitters release or blocks its effects
Agonist ; antagonist
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible that is most responsible for the “fight-or-flight” reaction is:
epinephrine
The cranial nerves originate from the:
Brainstem
Which of the following statements is false?
The automobile nervous system is involuntary
The somatic nervous system coordinates movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
The somatic nervous system is voluntary
The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
the somatic nervous system coordinated movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
3 catecholamine neurotransmitters are
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
What type of reflex causes the extensor muscles on one limb to contract when the flexor muscles on the opposite limb contract?
Crossed extensor reflex
What is the result of a normal palpebral reflex?
A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid
The “all-or-nothing” principle means
An entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
The hole running through the center of the spinal cord is the
Central canal
What part of the brain has overall control of the endocrine system and acts as the body’s “thermostat”
Hypothalamus
Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory only
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is
Acetylcholine
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
How many cranial nerves are there
24
What keeps drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain
Blood-brain barrier
The centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the
Cerebrum
Many ecititory neurotransmitters usually cause _______ influx so that the postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold and depolarization can begin a new nerve impulse
sodium ion
Fluid that circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities of the brain and spinal cord is:
Cerebrospinal fluid
How does myelin affect the conduction of nerve impulses
Speeds them up
What structure is not found in the brainstem
Hypothalamus
Afferent nerve fibers carry sensations
Toward the CNS
The medulla oblongata is part of the
Brainstem
An example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is
turning the head
The spinal cord exits the skull through what structure
Foramen magnum
Which of these is not a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased HR
In the spinal cord the small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are called
node of ranvier
The fight-or-flight response to an emergency situation is a specific function of the
sympathetic nervous system
The part of the CNS that contains the corpus callosum is the
cerebrum
White matter is made up of
Myelinated axons
The connective tissue layer that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the
Pia mater
A somatic reflex involves
Skeletal muscle contraction
Nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through
dendrites
Which of the following statements is true
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or function
neurotransmitters are secreted directly into the blood stream
the projections at the end of an axon are known as dendrites
the peripheral nervous system involves the brain and spinal cord
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or by function
Afferent neurons are part of what system
Sensory
The period during which a neuron that had generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the
Refractory period
The glomeruli are found primarily in this portion of the kidney
Cortex
What is the normal pH of blood
7.4
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephon
Which of the following converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin l?
renin
Which hormone is produced in the kidneys
Epinephrine
The urethra enter the urinary bladder at what structure
Trigone
The highly convoluted _________ extends from the glomerular capsule to the connection with the collection duct
Renal tubule
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
The urethra of ________ has both a urinary and reproductive function
Males
Which of the following is considered a post renal injury
Urethral obstruction
Bicarbonate acts as a(n):
Base
Which of the following species has multi-lobular kidneys
Cattle
which of the following converts angiotensin l to angiotensin ll
ACE
The filtration unit of the kidney is called the:
Glomeruli
Which kidney is located more cranially
Right
Urine is produced how often
On a continuous basis
Which of the following hormones is produced in the kidneys
erythropoietin
Which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation
Both ADH and aldosterone
The _______ arterials carries blood away from the renal artery, towards the glomerulus
Afferent
Where does secretion primarily occur
Distal convoluted tubule
CO2 is considered a(n):
acid
The point at which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys is known as:
Hilus
Which of the following is the correct path for urine elimination
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
The kidneys are located in which cavity
Retroperitoneal
Angiotensin ll plays an important role for which of the following
Blood pressure regulation
Approximately what percentage of blood, pumped by the heart, goes to the kidneys
25%
Anti diuretic hormone is also known as:
Vasopressin
Which of the following waste products is not eliminated by the secretion in the kidneys
Sodium
Loop o feeble in the nephron is found primarily in the portion of the kidney
Medulla
The area of the kidney where urine collection occurs before entering the ureter is known as the:
Renal pelvis
Which of the following occurs if antidiuretic hormone is absent
Polyuria
The bladder is not responsible for which of the following
Urine filtration
Which of the following is considered the main mechanism in which the kidneys perform waste elimination
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
When passing urine is painful and uncomfortable, it is known as which of the following
dysuria
The ureters are composed of how many layers
3
Which of the following broad ligaments supports the uterus
Mesometrium
When a mature follicle rupture the remaining site is called
corpus hemorrhagicum
T/F ovulation is considered to be a traumatic event
True
what part of the male reproductive system links the testes to the rest of the body
spermatic cord
T/F cats are an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal
True
T/F during meiosis cells make duplicate copies of themselves before daughter cells separate and pull apart
False
The pampiniform plexus carries semen to the urethra for ejaculation
False
T/F ova enter the uterus after it is carried from the infundibulum through the cervix
False
What is another term for sex hormones
androgens
Accessory sex glands are responsible for providing
Prostaglandins, fructose, basic fluid to counter of the female reproductive tract, electrolytes
Who has a more complex reproductive tract
Females
Thermoregulation of the testicles is achieved by what mechanism
Cremaster muscle
T/F spermatozoa are produced in the epididumis
False
The bulbourethral glad is also known as the
Cowpers gland
T/F the ovaries are female gonads
True
T/F gametes are reproductive cells
True
Which or the following species has a sigmoid flexors
Bovine
T/F female ovary has unlimited numbers of ovaries available for recruitment
False
What hormones may be produced by the ovary
Estrogen and progesterone
T/F dogs are considered to be diestrus
True
The tough fibrous layers of tissue that cover the testicles are called
proper and common tunics
Which of the following is not a layer of the uterus
Epimetrium
What hormone contracts the female reproductive tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts
oxytocin
The prostate gland completely surrounds which structure
urethra
In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop
Metestrus
The dog only has one accessory sec gland named
prostate
_________ is the primary male androgen
Testosterone
What is another name for the oviducts
Fallopian tubes
T/F ova and spermatozoa have diploid numbers of chromosomes
False
The production or development of ova is termed:
Oogenesis
Which of the following is an example of a monoestrous animal
Mink
An example of a seasonally polyestrous animal is a(n)
Horse
Which of the following species does not have bulbourethral glands
dog
Which of the following species does not have an os penis
Cat
In most species fertilization occurs in the _________
Oviducts
Cats have short spines covering which area of the penis
Glans
Where does spermatogenesis occur
Seminiferous tubules
The male chromosome is designated which of the following letters
Y
This structure acts as a radiator to cool blood or warm blood as it moves into and out of the testicle
Pampiniform plexus
T/F cell division that produces basic reproductive cells such as ovarian adn spermatozoa is called mitosis
False
The mesoscale is ligament supports which organ
Oviducts
T/F Both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles are composed of skeletal muscle
True
T/F lung expansion during inhalation is an active movement
False
The blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart is the
Pulmonary artery
In a healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is:
Increased CO2
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal turbinates
Cool air
Which of the following is the correct term for the amt of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Residual volume
Which of the following are considered to be a major structure within the thoracic cavity
Esophagus, heart, and lungs
Blood entering the lungs from the heart is dark red because of
the high carbon dioxide content
Which of the following is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tract
Pharynx
Apnea will cause
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following structures is not part of the lower respiratory tract
Pharynx
The nasal septum separates:
The left nasal passage from the right nasal passage
On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared to ambient air pressure, is:
Negative
Where does gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Alveolus
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by
the autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muslce
In a relaxed state the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with the:
convex surface facing in a cranial direction
The trachea splits into 2 bronchi at the time
Bifurcation
Decreased respiration
Bradypnea
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
Decreased oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
Increased respiration
Tachypnea
Breathing easily or well
Eupnea
Difficult breathing
Dyspnea
absence of breathing
Apnea
Decreased oxygen in the tissues
hypoxia
Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
hypocapnia
If an animal breathes in 500 milliliters with each resting breath and takes 15 breath per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 min
7.5
Which of the following structure suspends the larynx from the skull
Hyoid apparatus
Which areas of the brain helps us control our breathing
Medulla oblongata
Which of the following terms describes how gas exchange works
Diffusion
Carbon dioxide is an _____ and elevated levels would cause the pH to ______
Acid; lower
Which structure is composed of several c-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
Which of the following is a short, irregular tube of cartilage and muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea
Larynx
Pull/o and plumon/o means
lungs
Low blood levels of oxygen can bring on
sighs
All of the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane known as the:
Pleura
The thorax is normally under
Negative pressure
T/F the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles are the two main expiratory muscles
True
Normal pH of blood
7.4
Which of the following is the main muscle for inspiration
Diaphragm
The thorax is divided into left and right sides by the:
Mediastinum
The opening to the larynx is called the
Glottis
The work of the respiratory system can be divided into the following 4 parts. The movement of gases across the alveolar membrane (breathing) is called:
Ventilation
If the CO2 level in the blood rises above a present limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate
Increase rate and depth of respiration
How are the lungs of a cat divided
3 left lobes, 4 right lobes
