A&P Exams Flashcards
many neurotransmitters are broken down by
Enzymes
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:
Threshold
The basic functional units of the nervous system are
Neurons
The efferent processes of a nerve cell are the
axons
Which clinical sign is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
reduced heart rate
Which one of the following cranial nerves is known as the vagus nerve? When this nerve is stimulated, Bradycardia and/or syncope may occur
CN lll
CN lX
CN X
CN V
CN X
In a healthy animal, if you shine a light in one eye what should happen?
The pupils of both eyes should constrict
When the patellar ligament is tapped, what type of reflex causes the quadriceps muscle to contract, producing a small kick?
stretch reflex
The space between a neuron and a target cell is called the
Synapse
Gaps in the myelin sheath are referred to as
nodes of ranvier
A(n) __________ excites by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake. A(n) __________ inhibits a neurotransmitters release or blocks its effects
Agonist ; antagonist
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible that is most responsible for the “fight-or-flight” reaction is:
epinephrine
The cranial nerves originate from the:
Brainstem
Which of the following statements is false?
The automobile nervous system is involuntary
The somatic nervous system coordinates movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
The somatic nervous system is voluntary
The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
the somatic nervous system coordinated movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
3 catecholamine neurotransmitters are
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
What type of reflex causes the extensor muscles on one limb to contract when the flexor muscles on the opposite limb contract?
Crossed extensor reflex
What is the result of a normal palpebral reflex?
A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid
The “all-or-nothing” principle means
An entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
The hole running through the center of the spinal cord is the
Central canal
What part of the brain has overall control of the endocrine system and acts as the body’s “thermostat”
Hypothalamus
Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory only
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is
Acetylcholine
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
How many cranial nerves are there
24
What keeps drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain
Blood-brain barrier
The centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the
Cerebrum
Many ecititory neurotransmitters usually cause _______ influx so that the postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold and depolarization can begin a new nerve impulse
sodium ion
Fluid that circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities of the brain and spinal cord is:
Cerebrospinal fluid
How does myelin affect the conduction of nerve impulses
Speeds them up
What structure is not found in the brainstem
Hypothalamus
Afferent nerve fibers carry sensations
Toward the CNS
The medulla oblongata is part of the
Brainstem
An example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is
turning the head
The spinal cord exits the skull through what structure
Foramen magnum
Which of these is not a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased HR
In the spinal cord the small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are called
node of ranvier
The fight-or-flight response to an emergency situation is a specific function of the
sympathetic nervous system
The part of the CNS that contains the corpus callosum is the
cerebrum
White matter is made up of
Myelinated axons
The connective tissue layer that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the
Pia mater
A somatic reflex involves
Skeletal muscle contraction
Nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through
dendrites
Which of the following statements is true
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or function
neurotransmitters are secreted directly into the blood stream
the projections at the end of an axon are known as dendrites
the peripheral nervous system involves the brain and spinal cord
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or by function
Afferent neurons are part of what system
Sensory
The period during which a neuron that had generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the
Refractory period
The glomeruli are found primarily in this portion of the kidney
Cortex
What is the normal pH of blood
7.4
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephon
Which of the following converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin l?
renin
Which hormone is produced in the kidneys
Epinephrine
The urethra enter the urinary bladder at what structure
Trigone
The highly convoluted _________ extends from the glomerular capsule to the connection with the collection duct
Renal tubule
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
The urethra of ________ has both a urinary and reproductive function
Males
Which of the following is considered a post renal injury
Urethral obstruction
Bicarbonate acts as a(n):
Base
Which of the following species has multi-lobular kidneys
Cattle
which of the following converts angiotensin l to angiotensin ll
ACE
The filtration unit of the kidney is called the:
Glomeruli
Which kidney is located more cranially
Right
Urine is produced how often
On a continuous basis
Which of the following hormones is produced in the kidneys
erythropoietin
Which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation
Both ADH and aldosterone
The _______ arterials carries blood away from the renal artery, towards the glomerulus
Afferent
Where does secretion primarily occur
Distal convoluted tubule
CO2 is considered a(n):
acid
