A&P Exams Flashcards
1
Q
many neurotransmitters are broken down by
A
Enzymes
2
Q
When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:
A
Threshold
3
Q
The basic functional units of the nervous system are
A
Neurons
4
Q
The efferent processes of a nerve cell are the
A
axons
5
Q
Which clinical sign is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
A
reduced heart rate
6
Q
Which one of the following cranial nerves is known as the vagus nerve? When this nerve is stimulated, Bradycardia and/or syncope may occur
CN lll
CN lX
CN X
CN V
A
CN X
7
Q
In a healthy animal, if you shine a light in one eye what should happen?
A
The pupils of both eyes should constrict
8
Q
When the patellar ligament is tapped, what type of reflex causes the quadriceps muscle to contract, producing a small kick?
A
stretch reflex
9
Q
The space between a neuron and a target cell is called the
A
Synapse
10
Q
Gaps in the myelin sheath are referred to as
A
nodes of ranvier
11
Q
A(n) __________ excites by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake. A(n) __________ inhibits a neurotransmitters release or blocks its effects
A
Agonist ; antagonist
12
Q
The neurotransmitter that is most responsible that is most responsible for the “fight-or-flight” reaction is:
A
epinephrine
13
Q
The cranial nerves originate from the:
A
Brainstem
14
Q
Which of the following statements is false?
The automobile nervous system is involuntary
The somatic nervous system coordinates movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
The somatic nervous system is voluntary
The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
A
the somatic nervous system coordinated movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
15
Q
3 catecholamine neurotransmitters are
A
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
16
Q
What type of reflex causes the extensor muscles on one limb to contract when the flexor muscles on the opposite limb contract?
A
Crossed extensor reflex
17
Q
What is the result of a normal palpebral reflex?
A
A light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid
18
Q
The “all-or-nothing” principle means
A
An entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
19
Q
The hole running through the center of the spinal cord is the
A
Central canal
20
Q
What part of the brain has overall control of the endocrine system and acts as the body’s “thermostat”
A
Hypothalamus
21
Q
Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory only
A
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
22
Q
The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is
A
Acetylcholine
23
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
A
12
24
Q
How many cranial nerves are there
A
24
25
What keeps drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain
Blood-brain barrier
26
The centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the
Cerebrum
27
Many ecititory neurotransmitters usually cause _______ influx so that the postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold and depolarization can begin a new nerve impulse
sodium ion
28
Fluid that circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities of the brain and spinal cord is:
Cerebrospinal fluid
29
How does myelin affect the conduction of nerve impulses
Speeds them up
30
What structure is not found in the brainstem
Hypothalamus
31
Afferent nerve fibers carry sensations
Toward the CNS
32
The medulla oblongata is part of the
Brainstem
33
An example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is
turning the head
34
The spinal cord exits the skull through what structure
Foramen magnum
35
Which of these is not a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased HR
36
In the spinal cord the small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are called
node of ranvier
37
The fight-or-flight response to an emergency situation is a specific function of the
sympathetic nervous system
38
The part of the CNS that contains the corpus callosum is the
cerebrum
39
White matter is made up of
Myelinated axons
40
The connective tissue layer that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the
Pia mater
41
A somatic reflex involves
Skeletal muscle contraction
42
Nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through
dendrites
43
Which of the following statements is true
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or function
neurotransmitters are secreted directly into the blood stream
the projections at the end of an axon are known as dendrites
the peripheral nervous system involves the brain and spinal cord
the nervous system may be divided anatomically by directions of impulses or by function
44
Afferent neurons are part of what system
Sensory
45
The period during which a neuron that had generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the
Refractory period
46
The glomeruli are found primarily in this portion of the kidney
Cortex
47
What is the normal pH of blood
7.4
48
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephon
49
Which of the following converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin l?
renin
50
Which hormone is produced in the kidneys
Epinephrine
51
The urethra enter the urinary bladder at what structure
Trigone
52
The highly convoluted _________ extends from the glomerular capsule to the connection with the collection duct
Renal tubule
53
Where is ADH made?
Hypothalamus
54
The urethra of ________ has both a urinary and reproductive function
Males
55
Which of the following is considered a post renal injury
Urethral obstruction
56
Bicarbonate acts as a(n):
Base
57
Which of the following species has multi-lobular kidneys
Cattle
58
which of the following converts angiotensin l to angiotensin ll
ACE
59
The filtration unit of the kidney is called the:
Glomeruli
60
Which kidney is located more cranially
Right
61
Urine is produced how often
On a continuous basis
62
Which of the following hormones is produced in the kidneys
erythropoietin
63
Which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation
Both ADH and aldosterone
64
The _______ arterials carries blood away from the renal artery, towards the glomerulus
Afferent
65
Where does secretion primarily occur
Distal convoluted tubule
66
CO2 is considered a(n):
acid
67
The point at which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys is known as:
Hilus
68
Which of the following is the correct path for urine elimination
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
69
The kidneys are located in which cavity
Retroperitoneal
70
Angiotensin ll plays an important role for which of the following
Blood pressure regulation
71
Approximately what percentage of blood, pumped by the heart, goes to the kidneys
25%
72
Anti diuretic hormone is also known as:
Vasopressin
73
Which of the following waste products is not eliminated by the secretion in the kidneys
Sodium
74
Loop o feeble in the nephron is found primarily in the portion of the kidney
Medulla
75
The area of the kidney where urine collection occurs before entering the ureter is known as the:
Renal pelvis
76
Which of the following occurs if antidiuretic hormone is absent
Polyuria
77
The bladder is not responsible for which of the following
Urine filtration
78
Which of the following is considered the main mechanism in which the kidneys perform waste elimination
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
79
When passing urine is painful and uncomfortable, it is known as which of the following
dysuria
80
The ureters are composed of how many layers
3
81
Which of the following broad ligaments supports the uterus
Mesometrium
82
When a mature follicle rupture the remaining site is called
corpus hemorrhagicum
83
T/F ovulation is considered to be a traumatic event
True
84
what part of the male reproductive system links the testes to the rest of the body
spermatic cord
85
T/F cats are an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal
True
86
T/F during meiosis cells make duplicate copies of themselves before daughter cells separate and pull apart
False
87
The pampiniform plexus carries semen to the urethra for ejaculation
False
88
T/F ova enter the uterus after it is carried from the infundibulum through the cervix
False
89
What is another term for sex hormones
androgens
90
Accessory sex glands are responsible for providing
Prostaglandins, fructose, basic fluid to counter of the female reproductive tract, electrolytes
91
Who has a more complex reproductive tract
Females
92
Thermoregulation of the testicles is achieved by what mechanism
Cremaster muscle
93
T/F spermatozoa are produced in the epididumis
False
94
The bulbourethral glad is also known as the
Cowpers gland
95
T/F the ovaries are female gonads
True
96
T/F gametes are reproductive cells
True
97
Which or the following species has a sigmoid flexors
Bovine
98
T/F female ovary has unlimited numbers of ovaries available for recruitment
False
99
What hormones may be produced by the ovary
Estrogen and progesterone
100
T/F dogs are considered to be diestrus
True
101
The tough fibrous layers of tissue that cover the testicles are called
proper and common tunics
102
Which of the following is not a layer of the uterus
Epimetrium
103
What hormone contracts the female reproductive tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts
oxytocin
104
The prostate gland completely surrounds which structure
urethra
105
In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop
Metestrus
106
The dog only has one accessory sec gland named
prostate
107
_________ is the primary male androgen
Testosterone
108
What is another name for the oviducts
Fallopian tubes
109
T/F ova and spermatozoa have diploid numbers of chromosomes
False
110
The production or development of ova is termed:
Oogenesis
111
Which of the following is an example of a monoestrous animal
Mink
112
An example of a seasonally polyestrous animal is a(n)
Horse
113
Which of the following species does not have bulbourethral glands
dog
114
Which of the following species does not have an os penis
Cat
115
In most species fertilization occurs in the _________
Oviducts
116
Cats have short spines covering which area of the penis
Glans
117
Where does spermatogenesis occur
Seminiferous tubules
118
The male chromosome is designated which of the following letters
Y
119
This structure acts as a radiator to cool blood or warm blood as it moves into and out of the testicle
Pampiniform plexus
120
T/F cell division that produces basic reproductive cells such as ovarian adn spermatozoa is called mitosis
False
121
The mesoscale is ligament supports which organ
Oviducts
122
T/F Both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles are composed of skeletal muscle
True
123
T/F lung expansion during inhalation is an active movement
False
124
The blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart is the
Pulmonary artery
125
In a healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is:
Increased CO2
126
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal turbinates
Cool air
127
Which of the following is the correct term for the amt of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Residual volume
128
Which of the following are considered to be a major structure within the thoracic cavity
Esophagus, heart, and lungs
129
Blood entering the lungs from the heart is dark red because of
the high carbon dioxide content
130
Which of the following is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tract
Pharynx
131
Apnea will cause
Respiratory acidosis
132
Which of the following structures is not part of the lower respiratory tract
Pharynx
133
The nasal septum separates:
The left nasal passage from the right nasal passage
134
On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared to ambient air pressure, is:
Negative
135
Where does gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Alveolus
136
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by
the autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muslce
137
In a relaxed state the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with the:
convex surface facing in a cranial direction
138
The trachea splits into 2 bronchi at the time
Bifurcation
139
Decreased respiration
Bradypnea
140
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
141
Decreased oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
142
Increased respiration
Tachypnea
143
Breathing easily or well
Eupnea
144
Difficult breathing
Dyspnea
145
absence of breathing
Apnea
146
Decreased oxygen in the tissues
hypoxia
147
Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
hypocapnia
148
If an animal breathes in 500 milliliters with each resting breath and takes 15 breath per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 min
7.5
149
Which of the following structure suspends the larynx from the skull
Hyoid apparatus
150
Which areas of the brain helps us control our breathing
Medulla oblongata
151
Which of the following terms describes how gas exchange works
Diffusion
152
Carbon dioxide is an _____ and elevated levels would cause the pH to ______
Acid; lower
153
Which structure is composed of several c-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
154
Which of the following is a short, irregular tube of cartilage and muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea
Larynx
155
Pull/o and plumon/o means
lungs
156
Low blood levels of oxygen can bring on
sighs
157
All of the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane known as the:
Pleura
158
The thorax is normally under
Negative pressure
159
T/F the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles are the two main expiratory muscles
True
160
Normal pH of blood
7.4
161
Which of the following is the main muscle for inspiration
Diaphragm
162
The thorax is divided into left and right sides by the:
Mediastinum
163
The opening to the larynx is called the
Glottis
164
The work of the respiratory system can be divided into the following 4 parts. The movement of gases across the alveolar membrane (breathing) is called:
Ventilation
165
If the CO2 level in the blood rises above a present limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate
Increase rate and depth of respiration
166
How are the lungs of a cat divided
3 left lobes, 4 right lobes
