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Test Cards > A&P exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P exam 3 Flashcards

Lectures 6.3-10.1

1
Q

major tissue type

typically shortens to create movement

A

muscle

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2
Q

point of muscle attachment that does not move the structure

A

origin

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3
Q

point of muscle attachment where muscle moves the structure

A

insertion

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4
Q

Muscles located on the anterior forearm

A

flexors

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5
Q

muscles located on the posterior forearm

A

extensors

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6
Q

muscles of the shoulder

A

rotator cuff

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7
Q

muscles of the anterior thigh

A

quadriceps

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8
Q

muscles of the posterior thigh

A

hamstrings

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9
Q

muscles of the medial thigh

A

adductor

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10
Q

group of muscles in the lower back

A

erector spinae

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11
Q

What are the levels of muscle organization in order from largest to smallest?

A

muscle body (epimysium)
muscle fascicles (perimysium)
muscle fibers (endomysium) => cell
myofibrils => organelle
sarcomeres
actin and myosin

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12
Q

What’s the name of the connective tissue surrounding muscle fascicles?

A

perimysium

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13
Q

What are the units that make up a myofibril?

A

sarcomeres

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14
Q

What causes sarcomere shortening?

A

increased overlap of actin and myosin (slides past) [action potential]

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15
Q

Are the thick filaments actin or myosin?

A

myosin

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16
Q

Are the dark areas in striated muscle A bands or I bands?

A

A band= myosin

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17
Q

What shape of muscle provides the greatest strength?

A

convergent or pennate

18
Q

Which type of muscle is not striated?

A

smooth

19
Q

How is a membrane potential created/maintained?

A
  1. stimulus causes some Na channels to open
  2. threshold is reached, ligand-gated Na channels open, depolarization occurs
  3. Na channels close and K channels open, repolarization occurs
  4. Voltage overshoots, K channels close, voltage returns to normal
20
Q

What is the normal voltage for a resting potential?

A

-

21
Q

What happens to voltage during an action potential?

A

becomes positive briefly

22
Q

What happens to potassium channels during hyperpolarization?

A

they close

23
Q

What is notable about the absolute refractory period?

A

no new action potentials can start regardless of stimulus

24
Q

What is a T-tubule?

A

transverse tubules, alleyways in sarcolemma that stretch towards myofibrils

25
Q

Where can one find the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

adjacent to t-tubules

26
Q

What ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ca2+

27
Q

What part of the sarcomere rotates during contraction?

A

actin

28
Q

What neurotransmitter is used to initiate contraction?

A

acetylcholine

29
Q

What is muscle recruitment?

A

number of motor units

30
Q

Which would you expect to have more motor units–muscle of the hand or the back?

A

back

31
Q

If a person picks up a ball off the ground, what kind of contraction happened?

A

isotonic

32
Q

Factors in contraction force and muscle fatigue

A

number of motor units, diameter of fibers, frequency of stimulation, length of muscle fiber

33
Q

Isotonic vs isometric contraction

A

isotonic: shortens muscle, moves objects
isometric: pulling of the muscle that does not shorten it

34
Q

Fast vs Slow twitch fibers

A

slow: more mitochondria, aerobic, myoglobin, duration
fast: anaerobic, short and intense use

35
Q

Where would you expect muscle that makes the most use of aerobic respiration?

A

back

36
Q

What molecules can be used to supply muscle with energy once its initial ATP has been used up?

A

creatine, glucose

37
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

Since ATP is no longer present, there is nothing to make the muscles relax until myofilaments decay

38
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • unconscious control
  • no myofibrils
  • activation: neurons or hormones (Ca+)
  • structure: sigmoidal shape, network of actin and myosin, gap junctions, random nuclei, no striations
39
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • conscious control
  • activation: neurons
  • structure: striated, elongated nuclei pushed to sides
40
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • unconscious control
  • activation: neurons
  • structure: intercalated disks, striated, split cells, random nuclei
41
Q

Location of smooth muscles

A

internal organs

42
Q

What do gap junctions allow smooth muscle to do?

A

allows action potential to travel to adjacent cells

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