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Test Cards > A&P EXAM 1 > Flashcards

A&P EXAM 1 Flashcards

Lectures 1.1-3.3

1
Q

physical parts of an organism

A

anatomy

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2
Q

operation of some part of the human body, how it functions

A

physiology

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3
Q

demystify the human body (understand body and clear misconceptions)

A

purpose of A&P

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4
Q

controls that govern physiology

ex. speed up or slow down

A

regulation

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5
Q

dynamic but stable equilibrium of body systems

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

too much of something

A

hyperactivity

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7
Q

too little of something

A

hypoactivity

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8
Q

organism expends energy to maintain homeostasis

A

life

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9
Q

smallest level of body organization

A

cell

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10
Q

2nd smallest level of organization

A

tissue

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11
Q

3rd level of organization

A

organ

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12
Q

2nd largest level of organization

A

organ system

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13
Q

largest level of body organization

A

organism

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14
Q

broad; something that that thing does

ex. every cell engages in ATP production

A

function

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15
Q

what is serves to the greater organism

ex. heart pumps blood

A

purpose

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16
Q

gets us to maturity/ repair damage

A

growth

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17
Q

what regulates larger scales of organisms?

A

small scales

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18
Q

central nervous system sends signals to peripheral nervous system via nerves

A

neurological regulation

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19
Q

cells release chemicals (usually hormones) to send signals

A

chemical regulation

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20
Q

disrupts homeostasis; change encouraged and accelerated

A

positive feedback

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21
Q

encourages homeostasis; changes discouraged and slowed down/ reversed

A

negative feedback

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22
Q

everything physical

A

matter

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23
Q

particle of matter that defines elements

A

atoms

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24
Q

+1 charge; # identifies element

A

protons

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25
Q

subatomic particle with -1 charge

A

electrons

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26
Q

0 charge; # defines isotopes

A

neutrons

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27
Q

atoms with net electrical charge

A

ions

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28
Q

atoms of one element with different # of neutrons and weight

A

isotopes

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29
Q

sharing of electrons

A

covalent bond

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30
Q

unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativity; partial charges

ex. water

A

polar covalent

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31
Q

what is the most common molecule in the body?

A

water

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32
Q

passive movement of solutes

A

diffusion

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33
Q

passive movement of solvent

A

osmosis

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34
Q

What 6 elements make up 90% of the body?

A

O, C, H, N, Ca, P

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35
Q

Most molecules in the body posses what molecule?

A

carbon

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36
Q

why carbon is so common in the body

A

can form up to 4 covalent bonds; can form complex 3D models; non-polar bonds

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37
Q

parts other than C and H that are more reactive; gives molecule their capabilities

A

functional groups

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38
Q

what makes water a great solvent?

A

polarity

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39
Q

measure of the relative balance between OH- and H+ concentrations

A

pH

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40
Q

pH for most biological fluids

A

6-8

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41
Q

large, complex molecules

A

macromolecules

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42
Q

classes of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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43
Q

sugars and polymers made of sugars; energy sources

A

carbohydrates

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44
Q

monomer of sugars

A

monosaccharide

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45
Q

polymer of sugar

ex. starch, glycogen

A

polysaccarides

46
Q

made of one or more polypeptides; most dry mass of most cells

A

proteins

47
Q

how can proteins do so many jobs?

A

intricate and delicate structures

48
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

49
Q

structure of amino acid

A

carboxyl group, amine group, R group

50
Q

give distinguishing properties to amino acids

A

R groups

51
Q

macromolecule; fats, steroids

A

lipids

52
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

A

structure of fat molecule

53
Q

has max H w/ no double bonds

ex. butter

A

saturated fat

54
Q

has one or more double bonds

ex. olive oil

A

unsaturated fat

55
Q

used for energy storage, cushion/ insulation

A

fats

56
Q

= 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group + glycerol

makes up PM

hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head

A

phospholipid

57
Q

macromolecule; DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

58
Q

nitrogenous base + ribose sugar + one or more phosphate groups

A

structure of DNA/RNA

59
Q

information to make proteins

antiparallel strands

strands bonded through base pairing (weak hydrogen bounds)

A

DNA

60
Q

single stranded

U instead of T

folds in on itself

A

RNA

61
Q

form barriers and separate regions of cell and outermost boundary

made of phospholipids

A

purpose of membranes

62
Q

fluid mosaic

semipermeable

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

What molecules are easily passed through PM?

A

small, hydrophobic molecules

64
Q

How is permeability increased?

A

transport proteins

65
Q

region between PM and nucleus

filled with cytosol

A

cytoplasm

66
Q

specialized structures in cell

“little organs”

A

organelles

67
Q

network of organelles made up of membrane and exchange materials

A

Endomembrane system

68
Q

contains DNA

regulates access with own membrane called nuclear envelope

A

nucleus

69
Q

within nucleus

highest concentration of DNA

constructs rRNA for ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

70
Q

site of protein synthesis

small and large subunit

instructions from mRNA

A

ribosome

71
Q

flattened membranes attached to nucleus

A

endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

no ribosomes

columnar shape

engages in metabolism, stores calcium

A

smooth ER

73
Q

embedded ribosomes

secretes proteins

creates transport vesicles, membrane production

A

rough ER

74
Q

network of filaments that anchor cells and move materials

A

cytoskeleton

75
Q

flattened membranous sacs

receives and modifies packages from ER

has a sending and receiving end

A

Golgi apparatus

76
Q

small packages of membranes filled with digestive enzymes

digests food and breaks down recycling and waste

A

lysosomes

77
Q

organelle for cellular respiration

2 membranes (outermost and innermost)

own DNA

A

mitochondria

78
Q

folds of mitochondria

A

cristae

79
Q

space between cells

filled with fluid and other materials

A

interstitial spaces

80
Q

non-fluid stuff in interstitial spaces

maintained by surrounding cells

ex. collagen or elastin

A

extracellular matrix

81
Q

allow passage for large and/or hydrophilic molecules

ex. channel and carrier

A

transport proteins

82
Q

tube that only allows specific molecules that fit

A

channel protein

83
Q

allows specific ions through

A

ion channel

84
Q

opens with specific molecule bonds to it

A

ligand-gated channel protein

85
Q

open or closes when voltage changes beyond range

A

voltage-gated channel protein

86
Q

changes shape to move things

A

carrier proteins

87
Q

dictate direction of movement for solutes

A

gradients

88
Q

voltage across a membrane

  • inside cell
    + outside cell

used for contractions, neurological signal transmission, nutrient absorption

A

membrane potential

89
Q

bulk transport

leaving cell

A

exocytosis

90
Q

bulk transport

entering cell

A

endocytosis

91
Q

1) reception

2) transduction

3) response

A

phases of cell signaling

92
Q

signal molecules

created and released by endocrine system

A

hormones

93
Q

nervous, muscle, epithelial

A

types of tissues

94
Q

used for signaling

comprised of neurons and glia

A

nervous tissue

95
Q

sense things or send signals

A

neurons

96
Q

support neurons

A

glia

97
Q

includes cells capable of contraction

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

A

muscle tissue

98
Q

forms boundaries between distinct regions in the body; processing

protection, secretion, absorption, filtering

A

epithelial tissue

99
Q

part of epithelial tissue leading to hollow space

often a tube

A

free edge

100
Q

isolates and anchors epithelial cells

A

basement membrane

101
Q

cellular junction

watertight seal

ex. vessels

A

tight junction

102
Q

connects cytoplasm of adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

103
Q

adheres cells

proteins from membranes hook on

like velcro

A

desmosomes

104
Q

microscopic study of tissues

A

histology

105
Q

portions of DNA

A

genes

106
Q

how DNA codes for proteins

A

central dogma

107
Q

DNA to mRNA

nucleotides to nucleotides

A

transcription

108
Q

mRNA to proteins

nucleotides to amino acids

A

translation

109
Q

expressed

A

exons

110
Q

incised

A

introns

111
Q

sum of all chemical reactions

controlled by cells

A

metabolism

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