A&P EXAM 1 Flashcards
Lectures 1.1-3.3
physical parts of an organism
anatomy
operation of some part of the human body, how it functions
physiology
demystify the human body (understand body and clear misconceptions)
purpose of A&P
controls that govern physiology
ex. speed up or slow down
regulation
dynamic but stable equilibrium of body systems
homeostasis
too much of something
hyperactivity
too little of something
hypoactivity
organism expends energy to maintain homeostasis
life
smallest level of body organization
cell
2nd smallest level of organization
tissue
3rd level of organization
organ
2nd largest level of organization
organ system
largest level of body organization
organism
broad; something that that thing does
ex. every cell engages in ATP production
function
what is serves to the greater organism
ex. heart pumps blood
purpose
gets us to maturity/ repair damage
growth
what regulates larger scales of organisms?
small scales
central nervous system sends signals to peripheral nervous system via nerves
neurological regulation
cells release chemicals (usually hormones) to send signals
chemical regulation
disrupts homeostasis; change encouraged and accelerated
positive feedback
encourages homeostasis; changes discouraged and slowed down/ reversed
negative feedback
everything physical
matter
particle of matter that defines elements
atoms
+1 charge; # identifies element
protons
subatomic particle with -1 charge
electrons
0 charge; # defines isotopes
neutrons
atoms with net electrical charge
ions
atoms of one element with different # of neutrons and weight
isotopes
sharing of electrons
covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativity; partial charges
ex. water
polar covalent
what is the most common molecule in the body?
water
passive movement of solutes
diffusion
passive movement of solvent
osmosis
What 6 elements make up 90% of the body?
O, C, H, N, Ca, P
Most molecules in the body posses what molecule?
carbon
why carbon is so common in the body
can form up to 4 covalent bonds; can form complex 3D models; non-polar bonds
parts other than C and H that are more reactive; gives molecule their capabilities
functional groups
what makes water a great solvent?
polarity
measure of the relative balance between OH- and H+ concentrations
pH
pH for most biological fluids
6-8
large, complex molecules
macromolecules
classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
sugars and polymers made of sugars; energy sources
carbohydrates
monomer of sugars
monosaccharide
polymer of sugar
ex. starch, glycogen
polysaccarides
made of one or more polypeptides; most dry mass of most cells
proteins
how can proteins do so many jobs?
intricate and delicate structures
monomers of proteins
amino acids
structure of amino acid
carboxyl group, amine group, R group
give distinguishing properties to amino acids
R groups
macromolecule; fats, steroids
lipids
glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
structure of fat molecule
has max H w/ no double bonds
ex. butter
saturated fat
has one or more double bonds
ex. olive oil
unsaturated fat
used for energy storage, cushion/ insulation
fats
= 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group + glycerol
makes up PM
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head
phospholipid
macromolecule; DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
nitrogenous base + ribose sugar + one or more phosphate groups
structure of DNA/RNA
information to make proteins
antiparallel strands
strands bonded through base pairing (weak hydrogen bounds)
DNA
single stranded
U instead of T
folds in on itself
RNA
form barriers and separate regions of cell and outermost boundary
made of phospholipids
purpose of membranes
fluid mosaic
semipermeable
plasma membrane
What molecules are easily passed through PM?
small, hydrophobic molecules
How is permeability increased?
transport proteins
region between PM and nucleus
filled with cytosol
cytoplasm
specialized structures in cell
“little organs”
organelles
network of organelles made up of membrane and exchange materials
Endomembrane system
contains DNA
regulates access with own membrane called nuclear envelope
nucleus
within nucleus
highest concentration of DNA
constructs rRNA for ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
site of protein synthesis
small and large subunit
instructions from mRNA
ribosome
flattened membranes attached to nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
no ribosomes
columnar shape
engages in metabolism, stores calcium
smooth ER
embedded ribosomes
secretes proteins
creates transport vesicles, membrane production
rough ER
network of filaments that anchor cells and move materials
cytoskeleton
flattened membranous sacs
receives and modifies packages from ER
has a sending and receiving end
Golgi apparatus
small packages of membranes filled with digestive enzymes
digests food and breaks down recycling and waste
lysosomes
organelle for cellular respiration
2 membranes (outermost and innermost)
own DNA
mitochondria
folds of mitochondria
cristae
space between cells
filled with fluid and other materials
interstitial spaces
non-fluid stuff in interstitial spaces
maintained by surrounding cells
ex. collagen or elastin
extracellular matrix
allow passage for large and/or hydrophilic molecules
ex. channel and carrier
transport proteins
tube that only allows specific molecules that fit
channel protein
allows specific ions through
ion channel
opens with specific molecule bonds to it
ligand-gated channel protein
open or closes when voltage changes beyond range
voltage-gated channel protein
changes shape to move things
carrier proteins
dictate direction of movement for solutes
gradients
voltage across a membrane
- inside cell
+ outside cell
used for contractions, neurological signal transmission, nutrient absorption
membrane potential
bulk transport
leaving cell
exocytosis
bulk transport
entering cell
endocytosis
1) reception
2) transduction
3) response
phases of cell signaling
signal molecules
created and released by endocrine system
hormones
nervous, muscle, epithelial
types of tissues
used for signaling
comprised of neurons and glia
nervous tissue
sense things or send signals
neurons
support neurons
glia
includes cells capable of contraction
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
muscle tissue
forms boundaries between distinct regions in the body; processing
protection, secretion, absorption, filtering
epithelial tissue
part of epithelial tissue leading to hollow space
often a tube
free edge
isolates and anchors epithelial cells
basement membrane
cellular junction
watertight seal
ex. vessels
tight junction
connects cytoplasm of adjacent cells
gap junctions
adheres cells
proteins from membranes hook on
like velcro
desmosomes
microscopic study of tissues
histology
portions of DNA
genes
how DNA codes for proteins
central dogma
DNA to mRNA
nucleotides to nucleotides
transcription
mRNA to proteins
nucleotides to amino acids
translation
expressed
exons
incised
introns
sum of all chemical reactions
controlled by cells
metabolism
