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A&P > A&P CH8 > Flashcards

A&P CH8 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

Afferent = going towards, efferent = going away

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2
Q

Osteoblasts vs osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts create, osteoclasts destroy

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3
Q

Nervous vs endocrine response speed

A

Nervous quick, endocrine slower

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4
Q

2 divisions of nervous system

A

Central (axial) and peripheral (appendicular)

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5
Q

3 components of nervous system process

A

Receptor, command center, and effector

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6
Q

division of PNS (2) and what are they

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)

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7
Q

def dendrite

A

receptors

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8
Q

def axon

A

carries outgoing signals to the synaptic terminals

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9
Q

def synaptic terminals

A

area where neuron communicates with other cells

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10
Q

3 types of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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11
Q

Def unipolar

A

dendrites and axons continuous, cell body off to side

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12
Q

Def bipolar

A

have 1 axon and 1 dendrite, cell body between, relay information from receptor to other neurons

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13
Q

Def multipolar

A

2+ dendrites, single axon

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14
Q

Where are multipolar found and what do they control?

A

Most common in CNS, controls all skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Unipolar found where?

A

Majority of sensory neurons in PNS

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16
Q

Bipolar found where?

A

Occur only in special sense neurons

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17
Q

Visceral motor neurons where? what kind of cell?

A

Touch some kind of organ, cardiac; autonomic

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18
Q

2 types of neuroglia

A

Satellite and Schwann

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19
Q

Axons surrounded by Schwann cells are…?

A

Neurilemma

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20
Q

What is saltatory propagation?

A

action potential jumps from node to node, fight or flight response

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21
Q

What is resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV

22
Q

Membrane potential also known as?

A

Resting potential

23
Q

Extracellular membrane potential is…?

A

Sodium (+)

24
Q

Intracellular membrane potential is…?

A

Potassium (-)

25
Q

All or none principle?

A

Stimulus triggers an action potential or it does not

26
Q

What is refractory period?

A

From voltage-regulated sodium channels opening to repolarization; cell cannot respond to further stimulation

27
Q

ACh is…?

A

Acetylcholine

28
Q

Where does ACh bind?

A

Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, opening sodium channels

29
Q

Removal of ACh by what?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

30
Q

ACh breaks down to what? (2)

A

Acetate and choline

31
Q

Gases acting as neurotransmitter? (2)

A

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

32
Q

Neurotransmitters with excitatory effect? (2)

A

ACh and NE

33
Q

Neurotransmitters with inhibitory effect? (3)

A

Dopamine, GABA, and serotonin

34
Q

Layers of meninges (inside out)?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater, skull

35
Q

Spinal cord - how long and extends to where?

A

45 cm, to L1/L2 in adults

36
Q

Width of spinal cord?

A

Max 14mm

37
Q

Spinal cord gets large where?

A

Limb branches

38
Q

Spinal cord anchored to?

A

Coccyx, called the cauda equina

39
Q

Brain - how many neurons? what % of neural tissue?

A

35 billion+, 98%

40
Q

Def cerebrum

A

2 large paired hemispheres

41
Q

Hypothalamus where?

A

Inside diencephalon

42
Q

Brain stem comprised of…? (3)

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

43
Q

Region that regulates autonomic function?

A

Medulla oblongata

44
Q

CSF - how much produced per day, total?

A

500 ml/day, total 150 ml

45
Q

Def gyri, sulci, fissures

A

Gyri (elevated ridges), sulci (shallow depressions), fissures (deep grooves)

46
Q

Wernicke’s area affects?

A

What is heard or read

47
Q

Connects brain to spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata

48
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs

49
Q

Names of nerves? (12)

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory nerves
Hypoglossal
50
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs, mirror spinal vertebrae with exception of cervical (8)

A&P (10 decks)

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