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A&P > A&P CH2 > Flashcards

A&P CH2 Flashcards

1
Q

Def. chemistry

A

The study of matter

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2
Q

What are 3 states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

Smallest unit of matter?

A

Molecule

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4
Q

Atoms to molecules?

A

Atoms combine to form elements, which combine to form molecules

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5
Q

Atoms comprised of? (3)

A

Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), electrons (negative charge)

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6
Q

Atoms strive for…?

A

To become neutral (when protons = electrons)

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7
Q

How do atoms become neutral?

A

By bonding with other atoms

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8
Q

Atom is reactive means..?

A

It can interact with other atoms

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9
Q

Def. covalent bonds (is which type of compound?)

A

“Sharing” of electrons, forms organic compounds (include hydrogen and carbon)

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10
Q

Def. ionic bonds (type of compound?)

A

“Transfer” of electrons, forms inorganic compounds (no carbon or hydrogen), one atom transfers electron to another atom

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11
Q

Def. ion

A

Electrically charged atom

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12
Q

Cations vs. anions

A

Cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged

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13
Q

Def. dissociation

A

Breaks apart, means that in solution, inorganic salts will break apart and conduct electricity

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14
Q

Def. hydrogen bonding

A

Weak bonding, mainly occurs due to attraction between oxygen and hydrogen

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15
Q

What does hydrogen bonding explain?

A

Why water has surface tension

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16
Q

How does soap effect surface tension?

A

Soap disrupts weak attractive force in water and decreases surface tension

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17
Q

Two types of energy (and define each)

A

Potential energy (stored energy) and kinetic energy (energy of motion)

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18
Q

4 types of chemical reactions (and define each)

A
  1. Decomposition (breaking down of a compound into its parts)
  2. Synthesis (combining of parts into compound)
  3. Exchange (Decomposition followed by synthesis)
  4. Reversible (energy causes a reaction which is reversible)
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19
Q

Other terms for each chemical reaction:

A
  1. Decomposition = catabolism
  2. Synthesis = anabolism
  3. Exchange = metabolism
  4. Reversible = equilibrium reaction
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20
Q

How do enzymes effect a reaction?

A

Lower the activation threshold for energy to allow reaction to move forward

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21
Q

Def. metabolite

A

All molecules synthesized or broken down by reactions

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22
Q

What % O2 is in the air?

A

21

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23
Q

H20 comprises what fraction of our body weight?

A

2/3

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24
Q

H20 known as?

A

Universal solvent

25
Q

Def. solute

A

what is dissolved in solvent

26
Q

What is ionization?

A

Another term for dissociation with salts

27
Q

Def. pH

A

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

28
Q

What are pH ranges?

A 
0-7 = acidic
7 = neutral
7-14 = basic
29
Q

Def. acid

A

A compound that when dissolved in solution, releases hydrogen ions

30
Q

Def. base

A

A compound that when dissolved in solution, releases hydroxide ions

31
Q

Strong acids/bases vs weak acids/bases?

A

Strong dissolve completely in water, weak do not dissolve completely in water

32
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Something that helps regulate pH levels in the body

33
Q

What is the most important buffer in the body?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

34
Q

When does sodium bicarb kick in?

A

When we become acidotic (pH

35
Q

One situation when we become acidotic?

A

Without O2, our metabolism goes into anaerobic state, body accumulates lactic acid, and we become acidotic

36
Q

Sodium bicarb does what?

A

Raises pH levels

37
Q

Other terms for basic?

A

Caustic or alkalotic

38
Q

Other terms for acidic?

A

Corrosive or acidotic

39
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

40
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

4-8

41
Q

2 most abundant intracellular cations in our body?

A
  1. Potassium

2. Magnesium

42
Q

Name 2 extracellular ions

A
  1. Sodium

2. Calcium

43
Q

Def. hypocholemic and hypercholemic and give a symptom of each

A

Hypocholemic (low levels of potassium in blood, causes muscle spasms),
hypercholemic (high levels of potassium in blood, causes cardiac arrhythmias)

44
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated organic compounds

A

Saturated (single bonds, simple), unsaturated (double bonds, more reactive)

45
Q

Easiest way for body to get energy it needs?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism (sugars)

46
Q

Types of carbohydrates (3)

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

47
Q

What is glycogen and where is it stored?

A

Complex sugar, stored in liver, body turns to it in absence of glucose

48
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Fat

49
Q

Function of lipid?

A

Protection of integumentary

50
Q

4 types of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids

51
Q

Composition of proteins?

A

Amino acids held together by peptide bonds

52
Q

Most abundant organic compound in human body?

A

Proteins

53
Q

Functions of proteins (7)

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Transport
  4. Buffering
  5. Metabolic regulation
  6. Coordination
  7. Defense
54
Q

What determines functional properties of proteins? and give one example

A

Shape of protein, example of hemoglobin carrying O2 in blood and the effect sickle cell anemia has on hemoglobin

55
Q

What is a nucleic acid? 2 types?

A

Building blocks of who we are; DNA and RNA

56
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

57
Q

What is RNA?

A

Involved in protein synthesis

58
Q

Most important high-energy compound?

A

ATP

59
Q

Where does ATP come from?

A

Catabolic (decomposition) reaction of glucose, which is then used to make ATP and generate energy in cell

A&P (10 decks)

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