A&P CH2

Question 1

Def. chemistry

Answer 1

The study of matter

Question 2

What are 3 states of matter?

Answer 2

Solid, liquid, gas

Question 3

Smallest unit of matter?

Answer 3

Molecule

Question 4

Atoms to molecules?

Answer 4

Atoms combine to form elements, which combine to form molecules

Question 5

Atoms comprised of? (3)

Answer 5

Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), electrons (negative charge)

Question 6

Atoms strive for…?

Answer 6

To become neutral (when protons = electrons)

Question 7

How do atoms become neutral?

Answer 7

By bonding with other atoms

Question 8

Atom is reactive means..?

Answer 8

It can interact with other atoms

Question 9

Def. covalent bonds (is which type of compound?)

Answer 9

“Sharing” of electrons, forms organic compounds (include hydrogen and carbon)

Question 10

Def. ionic bonds (type of compound?)

Answer 10

“Transfer” of electrons, forms inorganic compounds (no carbon or hydrogen), one atom transfers electron to another atom

Question 11

Def. ion

Answer 11

Electrically charged atom

Question 12

Cations vs. anions

Answer 12

Cations are positively charged, anions are negatively charged

Question 13

Def. dissociation

Answer 13

Breaks apart, means that in solution, inorganic salts will break apart and conduct electricity

Question 14

Def. hydrogen bonding

Answer 14

Weak bonding, mainly occurs due to attraction between oxygen and hydrogen

Question 15

What does hydrogen bonding explain?

Answer 15

Why water has surface tension

Question 16

How does soap effect surface tension?

Answer 16

Soap disrupts weak attractive force in water and decreases surface tension

Question 17

Two types of energy (and define each)

Answer 17

Potential energy (stored energy) and kinetic energy (energy of motion)

Question 18

4 types of chemical reactions (and define each)

Answer 18

1. Decomposition (breaking down of a compound into its parts)
2. Synthesis (combining of parts into compound)
3. Exchange (Decomposition followed by synthesis)
4. Reversible (energy causes a reaction which is reversible)

Question 19

Other terms for each chemical reaction:

Answer 19

1. Decomposition = catabolism
2. Synthesis = anabolism
3. Exchange = metabolism
4. Reversible = equilibrium reaction

Question 20

How do enzymes effect a reaction?

Answer 20

Lower the activation threshold for energy to allow reaction to move forward

Question 21

Def. metabolite

Answer 21

All molecules synthesized or broken down by reactions

Question 22

What % O2 is in the air?

Answer 22

21

Question 23

H20 comprises what fraction of our body weight?

Answer 23

2/3

Question 24

H20 known as?

Answer 24

Universal solvent

Question 25

Def. solute

Answer 25

what is dissolved in solvent

Question 26

What is ionization?

Answer 26

Another term for dissociation with salts

Question 27

Def. pH

Answer 27

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Question 28

What are pH ranges?

Answer 28

``` 0-7 = acidic 7 = neutral 7-14 = basic ```

Question 29

Def. acid

Answer 29

A compound that when dissolved in solution, releases hydrogen ions

Question 30

Def. base

Answer 30

A compound that when dissolved in solution, releases hydroxide ions

Question 31

Strong acids/bases vs weak acids/bases?

Answer 31

Strong dissolve completely in water, weak do not dissolve completely in water

Question 32

What is a buffer?

Answer 32

Something that helps regulate pH levels in the body

Question 33

What is the most important buffer in the body?

Answer 33

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 34

When does sodium bicarb kick in?

Answer 34

When we become acidotic (pH

Question 35

One situation when we become acidotic?

Answer 35

Without O2, our metabolism goes into anaerobic state, body accumulates lactic acid, and we become acidotic

Question 36

Sodium bicarb does what?

Answer 36

Raises pH levels

Question 37

Other terms for basic?

Answer 37

Caustic or alkalotic

Question 38

Other terms for acidic?

Answer 38

Corrosive or acidotic

Question 39

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 39

7.35 - 7.45

Question 40

What is the pH of urine?

Answer 40

4-8

Question 41

2 most abundant intracellular cations in our body?

Answer 41

1. Potassium | 2. Magnesium

Question 42

Name 2 extracellular ions

Answer 42

1. Sodium | 2. Calcium

Question 43

Def. hypocholemic and hypercholemic and give a symptom of each

Answer 43

Hypocholemic (low levels of potassium in blood, causes muscle spasms), hypercholemic (high levels of potassium in blood, causes cardiac arrhythmias)

Question 44

Saturated vs unsaturated organic compounds

Answer 44

Saturated (single bonds, simple), unsaturated (double bonds, more reactive)

Question 45

Easiest way for body to get energy it needs?

Answer 45

Carbohydrate metabolism (sugars)

Question 46

Types of carbohydrates (3)

Answer 46

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 47

What is glycogen and where is it stored?

Answer 47

Complex sugar, stored in liver, body turns to it in absence of glucose

Question 48

What is a lipid?

Answer 48

Fat

Question 49

Function of lipid?

Answer 49

Protection of integumentary

Question 50

4 types of lipids?

Answer 50

Fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids

Question 51

Composition of proteins?

Answer 51

Amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Question 52

Most abundant organic compound in human body?

Answer 52

Proteins

Question 53

Functions of proteins (7)

Answer 53

1. Support 2. Movement 3. Transport 4. Buffering 5. Metabolic regulation 6. Coordination 7. Defense

Question 54

What determines functional properties of proteins? and give one example

Answer 54

Shape of protein, example of hemoglobin carrying O2 in blood and the effect sickle cell anemia has on hemoglobin

Question 55

What is a nucleic acid? 2 types?

Answer 55

Building blocks of who we are; DNA and RNA

Question 56

How many pairs of chromosomes?

Answer 56

23

Question 57

What is RNA?

Answer 57

Involved in protein synthesis

Question 58

Most important high-energy compound?

Answer 58

ATP

Question 59

Where does ATP come from?

Answer 59

Catabolic (decomposition) reaction of glucose, which is then used to make ATP and generate energy in cell