A&P 4 Flashcards
are active in high light conditions
cones
When light passes into a slower medium it is bend toward an angle ______________________ to the interface between the media.
perpendicular
For near vision
the ciliary muscles contract and the lens gets fatter
Photopigment is found in the ________________________________ of a photoreceptor.
outer segment
The phosphodiesterase in the photoreceptor that is involved in light signal transduction
converts cGMP into GMP
There are no photoreceptors in the
optic disc
Humans can only detect a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
True
Wavelengths of light that are ___________ by an object can be detected by our photoreceptors when we look at the object.
reflected
The most refraction of light occurs when light passes through the
cornea
The image that focuses on our retina is upside-down and backwards.
True
Contraction of the ciliary muscles in the eye causes the suspensory ligaments to
pull less on the lens
The ciliary muscle of the eye is primarily innervated by which branch of the nervous system?
parasympathetic
The stress response leads to enhanced
far-vision
Which cells in the retina would light hit first?
the ganglion cells
The fovea centralis is a pit in the retina.
True
At the optic chiasm
All axons from ganglion cells on the medial side of the retina cross to the contralateral side of
the brain.
The cochlear ducts is filled with _____________________, which is high in
Endolymph, potassium
Put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the
lowest action potential frequency in an off-center ganglion cell.
a. Light hits only the receptive field center
b. Light hits only the receptive field surround
c. Light hits the whole receptive field
bca
Put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the
lowest action potential frequency in an on-center ganglion cell.
a. Light hits only the receptive field center
b. Light hits only the receptive field surround
c. Light hits the whole receptive field
acb
An on-center ganglion cell has a red cone center and a blue cone surround. Put the following in order
from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential
frequency.
a. No light in shone on the receptive field
b. Red light is shone over the entire receptive field
c. Violet light is shone over the entire receptive field
d. White light is shone over the entire receptive field
badc
The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are connected at the ___________________________, which
is at the apex of the cochlea.
helicotrema
What is produced by the ceruminous glands?
ear wax
Ganglion cells synapse in which thalamic nucleus?
lateral geniculate nucleus
What is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on on-center bipolar cells? What type of receptor is
it?
mGlu R6
Gi protein coupled receptor
What is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on off-center bipolar cells? What type of receptor
is it?
AMPA
non spec cation channel
What is the scientific name for the eardrum used in the videos?
tympanic membrane
What is the name of the membrane separating the middle and inner ear that is in contact with one of
the auditory ossicles?
oval window
What are the two terms used in the lecture for the part of the external ear that is visible when looking at
a person?
pinna
auricle
List the auditory ossicles in order from most external to the most internal.
malleous
incus
stapes
What are two names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharnynx? What is the
purpose of this tube?
eustachian tube
auditory tube
equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the environment/external ear
What are two names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharnynx? What is the
purpose of this tube?
eustachian tube
auditory tube
equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the environment/external ear
What is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?
amplifies vibrations in tympanic membrane onto the oval window
In the light, on-center bipolar cells are
depolarized
On-center bipolar cells have
mGluR6
The scala tympani is filled with ____________________, which is high in
perilymph, sodium
Which of the following is true?
all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain
You would see the highest frequency of action potentials in a off-center ganglion cell when there is
light in the surround and dark in the center
Glutamate causes on-center bipolar cells to
hyperpolarize
Glutamate causes on-center ganglion cells to
fire more action potentials
Glutamate causes off-center bipolar cells to
depolarize
All ganglion cells have AMPA receptors.
True
The center-surround relationship in the retina gives us a greater ability to see a lion hiding in the grass.
True
The visual cortex is in the
occipital lobe
The Organ of Corti sits on the
basilar membrane
The basilar membrane is
Wide near the apex and narrow near the base
Sound waves are waves of compressed and rarefied air.
True
The stapedius and tensor tympani can protect your auditory hair cells from sudden, loud noises.
False
reacts to loud noise
Stopping a constant forward motion feels the same to the vestibular system as starting a backward motion.
True
Opening a potassium channel in a hair cell cause the cell to
depolarize
The vestibular cortex is in the
temporal lobe
Hair cells can be replaced if they are damaged.
False
Hair cells release neurotransmitter/paracrine agent in bursts in time with the vibrations in the basilar membrane.
True
If you are moving at a constant velocity, your ears give you the sensation that you are not moving.
True
In the utricle, all the hair cells are oriented with their kinocilium toward one side of the body.
False
Sound waves are waves of more pressurized and less pressurized air.
True
Sound waves are caused by vibrations.
True
The faster something vibrates, the _____________________ the perceived sound
higher pitched
The larger the pressure difference between the compressed and rarified air in a sound wave, the ___ the perceived sound.
louder
Vestibular information is used in reflexes to control
both eye muscles and postural muscles
Horizontal acceleration is detected in the
utricle
Activation of odorant receptors leads to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of a non-specific
cation channel.
False
Most of our sense of taste comes from activation of olfactory receptors.
True
Olfactory hairs are normally covered in mucus.
True
One neuron will innervate several skeletal muscle fibers.
True
One skeletal muscle fiber will be innervated by several neurons
False
One type of odorant receptor will bind more than one type of odorant.
True
One type of odorant will bind to more than one type of odorant receptor.
True
Some second order olfactory neurons project directly to the cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus.
True
The mechanism of release of paracrine agent by taste cells is very similar to the mechanism of neurotransmitter
release from neurons.
True
The primary odorant in bananas and the primary odorant in beaver musk can actives some of the same
receptors.
True
Receptors for somatic sensation are important to our sense of taste.
True
First order olfactory neurons _______________________ onto second order neurons.
converge
The fluid in the T-tubules is high in
Sodium
The GOLF protein in most similar to
Gs proteins
Protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___________________ channel in umami taste cells.
Calcium
Phosphorylation of the above channel in the umami taste cell causes the channel to
close
Activation of the umami receptor causes the above channel to be
dephosphorylated
Protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___________________ channel in sweet taste cells.
potassium
Phosphorylation of the above channel in the sweet taste cell causes the channel to
close
Activation of the sweet receptor causes the above channel to be
phosphorylated
glutamate binds to umami receptors
decrease activity of PKA
dephosphorylation of calcium channel
calcium channels opens
.
Children have a natural aversion to _________________. Many toxins activate taste receptors for this taste.
bitter
There are the most different type of receptors for
bitter
What nerve innervates the taste cells on the inferior surface of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal nerve
What nerve innervates the taste cells on the soft palate and pharynx?
vagus nerve
What nerve innervates the taste cells on the superior surface of the tongue?
facial nerve
Taste cells are found on/in
palate
pharnyx
tongue
What is the scientific name for taste used in the video?
gustation
What is the scientific name for smell used in the video?
olfaction
What is the proposed paracrine agent that is released by taste cells onto their sensory afferent?
ATP
What is the purpose of lingual papillae in humans according to the video?
increase surface area for more taste cells
What is the purpose of the taste hairs?
increase surface area for more taste receptor proteins
First order taste afferents synapse in which nucleus in the brain?
nucleus of the solitary tract
Second order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in which thalamic nucleus?
ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
First order olfactory neurons synapse in which area of the brain?
olfactory bulb
What are the two names for the second order neurons in the olfactory pathway?
mitral cells
tufted cells
Besides projecting to the cerebral cortex and thalamus, what three other brain regions can second order
olfactory neurons project to? What role does olfactory information play in each of these regions?
hippocampus- odor memory
hypothalamus- hunger, sexual arousal in animals
amygdala- emotional aspects of smell, primarily fear in animals
What six factors affect our olfactory discrimination as mentioned in the video?
biological sex
attentiveness
hunger
smoking
age
state of olfactory mucosa
What are the four properties of all muscle as mentioned in the video?
contract
elastic
extensible
excitable
What are the three proteins found in the thin myofilament?
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
What are the two proteins found in the thick myofilament?
heavy and light myosin chains
The myosin head has binding sites for which three molecules?
ATP/ADP
actin
myosin light chains
The bumps you see on your tongue are the taste buds.
False
Actin is found in the
thin
The best understood receptors for bitter taste are
Gq protein coupled receptor
The sweet receptor is
Gs protein coupled receptor
Farmed fruit is much sweeter than wild fruit.
True
Taste cells can be replaced.
True
Olfactory neurons can be replaced.
True
Taste cells are
epithelial cells
There are several scientific studies to show that monosodium glutamate (MSG) has negative effects in the body
False
The sour receptor is
an ion channel
The best characterized receptor for umami is
a Gi protein coupled receptor
Third order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in the
parietal lobe
The olfactory epithelium is
nervous tissue
We have about 10,000 different odorant receptors.
False
During the contraction phase of a skeletal muscle twitch, all the active sites on actin are exposed
in the cells.
True
L-type calcium channels are present throughout the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell.
False
More calcium enters the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum than from the extracellular
fluid in response to an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell.
True
There are voltage-gated sodium channels in the T-tubules.
True
The lag phase is longer in a
Isotonic contraction
Which phase is longer in an isometric skeletal muscle contraction?
Relaxation
During contraction
Both the I band and the H zone get shorter
Each thick myofilament is in contact with how many thin myofilaments?
6
Each thin myofilament is in contact with how many thick myofilaments?
3
Put the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle in order starting from the first exposure
of the actin active sites.
a. ATP binds to the myosin head
b. Conformational change in myosin head causes the myosin head to dephosphorylate
c. Conformational change in the myosin head causes the myosin head loses affinity for and
dissociate from actin
d. Myosin head autophosphorylates
e. Myosin head binds to actin
f. Myosin head moves to the cocked position
g. Powerstroke
ebgacdf
A single alpha motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates is called a
motor unit
Nerve gas blocks
acetylcholinesterase
The time between when you get an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell or alpha motor
neuron to the start of contraction is called the
lag phase
Paralytic drugs are usually ___________________________________ receptor
nicotinic
antagonist
Botulinum toxin cause the breakdown of what proteins?
SNARE proteins
What is the post-synaptic density called in a skeletal muscle cell?
motor end plate
What is the segment of a skeletal muscle cell that goes from one Z disk to the next Z disk called?
sarcomere
What neurotransmitter is released by alpha motor neurons?
acetylcholine
What protein was mentioned as contributing to the extensibility and elasticity of skeletal
muscle, as well as helping to keep myosin in register in the myofibril.
What is the name of the large protein that attaches myosin to the Z disk?
titin
What receptor for neurotransmitter is present on skeletal muscle cells?
nicotinic receptors
What is the name of the two calcium binding proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is
their purpose?
calreticulin
calsequestrin
they decrease the conc gradient between the sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium allowing much more calcium to be stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the three subunits of troponin and what do each of the subunits bind to?
I - actin
T - tropomyosin
C - calcium
In population coding, if I want to increase the tension developed in a muscle, what does the
body do?
recruit more motor units
The actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.
False
The myosin head binds to actin when it is
phosphorylated
A lack of ATP in a skeletal muscle cell will cause which of the following? (select all that apply)
Calcium levels to rise in the cell
The myosin head to stay bound to actin
Which of the following is connected to the Z disk in skeletal muscle? (select all that apply)
Actin
Titin
Which of the following can you find in the I band?
Actin
The Z disk
Which of the following can you find in the A band?
Actin
Myosin
The H zone
The M line
You are more likely to injure a muscle with ____________________ contractions.
Eccentric
If the load on a skeletal muscle is less than the tension developed by that muscle, you get _________ contraction.
A concentration
If the load on a skeletal muscle is greater than the tension developed by that muscle, you get __________ contraction.
An eccentric
If the load on a skeletal muscle is the same as the tension developed by that muscle, you get __________ contraction.
An isometric
A single action potential in an alpha motor neuron is sufficient to cause an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber
True
Calcium must come through L-type calcium channels in order for ryanodine receptos to open in skeletal muscle cells.
False
It is normal for muscles to go into tetanus.
True
The shorter the muscle is when it contracts, the more force it will generate.
False
The velocity of muscle shortening decreases as the load increases.
True
In general, white meat should be slightly sweeter than dark meat.
True
The thin myofilament in smooth muscle does NOT contain
troponin
The action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber is over before the muscle starts to contract.
True
Frequency coding is based on
Higher calcium levels in the skeletal muscle cell
The level of calcium in the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell is constant when the cell is in fused tetanus.
False
The heavier the load, the more myosin heads involved in cross-bridge cycling
False
The use of fatty acids to generate ATP always requires oxygen.
True
Fast-glycolytic fibers are also called
type IIb fibers
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers are also called
type IIa fibers
Slow-oxidative fibers are also called
type I fibers
Increasing the concentration of potassium in the T-tubule would cause the action potentials in the T-tubules to
repolarize slower
