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A&P > A&P 3 > Flashcards

A&P 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters stay in the synapse for only a very short time, leading to a transient response
in the post-synaptic cell
O

A

True

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2
Q

EPSPs are most commonly stimulated by the opening of a
O

A

non-specific cation channel

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3
Q

Most metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors are
O

A

G protein-coupled receptors

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4
Q

Opening a chloride channel in a cell that does not regulate chloride will
O

A

cause a resting neuron to stay at the same membrane potential
dampen an EPSP
dampen an IPSP

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5
Q

Define convergence in relation to the nervous system.
O

A

multiple neurons synapse onto a smaller number neurons

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6
Q

Define divergence in relation to the nervous system.
O

A

small number neurons synapse onto a larger number neurons

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7
Q

Define saltatory conduction
O

A

action potentials jump from node to node of Ranvier down length of axon

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8
Q

Describe spatial summation in the nervous system

A

when you set more than one postsynaptic potential from multiple synapses happening at the same time in a postsynaptic neuron so that the effects of all synapses add together to influence the membrane potential

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9
Q

Describe temporal summation in the nervous system

A

when you get one presynaptic neuron firing and releasing neurotransmitters more than once in a short period of time, so the effects on the membrane potential in post-synaptic cell from all the bouts of NT release adds together

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10
Q

Describe two ways of decreasing calcium entry in a presynaptic terminal to decrease
neurotransmitter release
O

A

axo-axonic synapse- activation of receptores on terminal by NT
autoreceptors- activated on presynaptic terminals by NT released by that neuron
These both lead to hyperpolarization of terminal
Then when the action potential reaches the terminal, it won’t depolarize as much leading to fewer voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening thus less Ca2+ entering the cell and less NT release.

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11
Q

What are the four ways that neurotransmitter concentrations decrease in the synapse soon
after release?
O

A

reuptake into presynaptic cells terminals or uptake by glial cells (astrocytes)
diffusion out of synapse
enzymatic degradation in the synapse
receptor-mediated endocytosis in postsynaptic cell

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12
Q

What are the two general types of synapses and which is most common?
O

A

chemical: excitatory and inhibitory (common)
electrical

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13
Q

What are two ways of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential? Which of these
is most effective?
O

A

myelination of the axon (effective)
increase axon diameter

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14
Q

What does EPSP stand for in neuroscience?
O

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

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15
Q

What does IPSP stand for in neuroscience?
O

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

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16
Q

Draw a flow chart for the steps of neurotransmitter release starting with the action potential
reaching the axon terminal.
O

A

action potential reaches axon terminal
conf change in voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC)
VGCC opens
Ca2+ enters cytosol
Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin
conf change in synaptotagmin
synaptotagmin binds to SNARE proteins
SNARE proteins pull vesicle into contact w/ the plasma membrane
vesicle membrane and plasma membrane fuse
exocytosis of NT

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17
Q

The thicker the axon diameter
O

A

the slower potassium leaks out of the cell during an action potential

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18
Q

Opening a chloride channel in a cell that does not regulate chloride would
O

A

dampen the depolarizing effect of opening a sodium channel

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19
Q

The highest concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels is in the plasma membrane of
O

A

the nodes of Ranvier of mylinated neurons

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20
Q

Action potentials during the relative refractory period

A

have a lower amplitude than action potentials fired from the resting membrane potential

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21
Q

What protein does calcium bind to in the presynaptic terminal that leads to exocytosis of neurotransmitter?

A

synaptotagmin

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22
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials.
O

A

True

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23
Q

Receptor number in the post-synaptic density is variable.

A

True

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24
Q

Internodal regions of a myelinated neuron are

A

less leaky for potassium

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25
Q

The absolute refractory period is primarily due to the

A

voltage-gated sodium channel

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26
Q

The relative refractory period is primarily due to the

A

voltage-gated potassium channel

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27
Q

Which type of synapses have more influence on whether or not a post-synaptic cell fires an action potential?

A

axosomatic

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28
Q

Opening of a non-specific cation channel in a resting cell causes

A

more sodium to enter the cell than potassium to leave the cell

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29
Q

Neurons carrying pain information to the central nervous system (nociceptor neurons) have a

A

thin axon and are unmyelinated

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30
Q

Decreasing potassium permeability will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

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31
Q

A solution containing 200 mM permeable solute and 300 mM non-permeable solute would be

A

hyperosmotic

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32
Q

A solution containing 200 mM permeable solute and 300 mM non-permeable solute would be

A

isotonic

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33
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, the _______________ neuron is longer.
O

A

post-ganglionic

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34
Q

Catecholamines

A

are taken back up by the presynaptic cell

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35
Q

Serotonin is

A

taken back up by the presynaptic cell

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36
Q

The largest class of neurotransmitters (the class that has the most different types) is

A

the neuropeptides

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37
Q

The metabotropic GABA receptor links with
O

A

Gi proteins

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38
Q

Which branch of the nervous system has pre-ganglionic neuronal cell bodies in the brainsteam
and sacral spinal cord?
O

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

Which branch of the nervous system has pre-ganglionic neuronal cell bodies in the thoracic and
lumbar spinal cord?
O

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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40
Q

The primary neurotransmitter(s) of the central nervous system

A

are the amino acids

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41
Q

According to lecture, long-term potentiation, which is important in learning and memory, often
involves

A

NMDA receptors

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42
Q

Which of the following are effects of endogenous opiods?

A

induce feeling of well-being and euphoria
slow down digestion
reduce awareness of painful stimuli
slow heart rate

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43
Q

The enteric nervous system controls which organ system?
O

A

digestive system

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44
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system primarily controls which organ system?
O

A

digestive system

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45
Q

The sympathetic nervous system primarily controls which organ system?
O

A

cardiovascular system

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46
Q

What type of ion channel is the AMPA?

A

non-specific cation channel

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47
Q

What type of ion channel is the glycine receptor?

A

choride channel

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48
Q

What kind of ion channel is the ionotropic GABA receptor?

A

choride channel

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49
Q

AMPA is a receptor for which neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

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50
Q

The most common drugs used to treat depression, such as Prozac (fluoxetine), act through
which neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

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51
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

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52
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

A

glutamate

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53
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

A

glycine

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54
Q

What amino acid is the precursor for serotonin?

A

trypotophan

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55
Q

What is name of the enzyme in the synapse that breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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56
Q

What is the abbreviation for acetylcholine?

A

ACh

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57
Q

What is the abbreviation for serotonin that is used in the name for the serotonergic receptors?

A

5-HT

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58
Q

What type of receptor is the nicotinic receptor? Be specific.

A

ionotropic
non-specific cation channel

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59
Q

Dopamine is mainly involved in which two pathways/circuits in the brain?

A

reward and movement/motor

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60
Q

What are the two general types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic
muscarinic

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61
Q

What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
O

A

sympathetic
enteric
parasympathetic

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62
Q

What are the three types of endogenous opiods?

A

beta-endorphins
dynorphins
enkephalins

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63
Q

The term somatic refers to what four structures in the body?

A

skin, muscles, bones, joints

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64
Q

Which cranial nerves contain autonomic pre-ganglionic neuronal axons?

A

oculomotor III
facial VII
glossopharyngeal IX
vagus X

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65
Q

List the five adrenergic receptors and state what type of receptor each is.
O

A

alpha 1 - Gq protein-coupled receptor
alpha 2 - Gi protein-coupled receptor
beta 1-3 - Gs protein-coupled receptor

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66
Q

List the five muscarinic receptors and state what type of receptor each is.
O

A

M1,3,5 - Gq protein-coupled receptor
M2,4 - Gi protein-coupled receptor

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67
Q

Draw a flow chart for the production of the three catecholamines including all the intermediates
and the rate-limiting enzyme.

A

tyrosine —(tyrosine hydroxylase)–> L-Dopa –> dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine

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68
Q

Draw a flow chart for the mechanisms of long term potentiation at glutamatergic synapses.

A

high frequency of action potentials in presynaptic cell
high amount of glutamate released
glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors
enough AMPA receptors open and stay open long enough to depolarize the membrane by 20-30mV
depolarization drives Mg2+ ions out of the pore in the NMDA receptor
Ca2+ entry through the NMDA receptor activates second messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell
SPLITS INTO 2 PATHS
SPLITS ONE PATH: post-synaptic cell increases receptor expression and sensitivity of glutamate receptors
SPLITS 2ND PATH: post-synaptic cell release retrograde messenger
presynaptic cell increases glutamate synthesis and release synthesis

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69
Q

Most of the serotonin is the body is found in

A

the digestive tract

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70
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

metabotropic receptors

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71
Q

The autonomic nervous system uses ____________ neurons to get from the central nervous system to the target organ.
O

A

2

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72
Q

The NMDA receptor is

A

a calcium channel

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73
Q

Monoamine oxidase is involved in the degradation of

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

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74
Q

A single neuron often releases more than one type of catecholamine

A

False

75
Q

A single neuron only releases one type of neurotransmitter.

A

False

76
Q

Adrenergic refers to both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

True

77
Q

All efferent neurons from the central nervous system release acetylcholine that then binds to nicotinic receptors.

A

True

78
Q

Neuropeptides are usually not released until the presynaptic neuron fires several action potentials in quick succession.

A

True

79
Q

Substance P enhances painful stimuli.

A

True

80
Q

Endogenous opiods are

A

inhibitory

81
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the _______________ neuron is longer.
O

A

preganglionic

82
Q

Autonomic post-ganglionic neurons have ________________ on their cell body and dendrites.
O

A

nicotinic receptors

83
Q

Endogenous opiods are released in

A

axoaxonic synapses

84
Q

The ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system are
O

A

Near or in the wall of the target organ

85
Q

The ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system are
O

A

Near the spinal cord

86
Q

Convergence leads to _______________________ acuity.

A

Lower

87
Q

Smaller receptive fields lead to ________________________ acuity.

A

Greater

88
Q

The more overlap in receptive fields, the ________________________ acuity.

A

Greater

89
Q

The receptor for sensation may be

A

Either a neuron or a receptor cell

90
Q

Craniosacral refers to the
O

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

91
Q

Thoracolumbar refers to the
O

A

Sympathetic nervous system

92
Q

Which branch of the nervous system is called the rest and digest system?
O

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

93
Q

Which branch of the nervous system is activated by stressful stimuli?
O

A

Sympathetic nervous system

94
Q

The information for each sensory receptor follows a specific pathway and activates a specific
neuron in the cerebral cortex. This is important for the coding of

A

Location

95
Q

Target organs for the parasympathetic nervous system have
O

A

Muscarinic receptors

96
Q

Target organs for the sympathetic nervous system have
O

A

Adrenergic receptors

97
Q

What receptor do you find on adrenal medullary cells?

A

Nicotinic receptors

98
Q

Converting a stimulus into a signal that the central nervous system can understand is called

A

coding

99
Q

If a constant stimulus is applied, over time the frequency of action potentials decreases. This
decrease in action potential frequency is known as

A

adaptation

100
Q

We are not consciously aware of a stimulus until a cell in the _______(area of the brain) is activated.

A

cerebral cortex

101
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for what?
O

A

physical activity

102
Q

What two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla, and which is released in larger
amounts?

A

epinephrine 80%
norepinephrine 20%

103
Q

List the two primary receptors found on target organs for the parasympathetic nervous system
and the effect of each.
O

A

M2 - decrease heart rate, smooth muscle relaxation, decrease secretions
M3 - smooth muscle contraction, stimulate secretions

104
Q

List the adrenergic receptors and the effect of each.
O

A

alpha 1 - smooth muscle contraction
alpha 2 - autoinhibitory-> decrease release of epi and norepi
beta 1 - increase heart rate and force of contraction
beta 2 - smooth muscle relaxation
beta 3 - lipolysis, glycogenolysis, thermogenesis

105
Q

What are the three components of a sensory system?

A

receptor
neural pathway
parts of the CNS that process the sensory information

106
Q

Describe adequate stimulus in relation to sensory systems and state why it is important.

A

type of stimulus (modality) that normally activates a receptor
how we code modality

107
Q

Describe how a higher stimulus strength can lead to a higher frequency of action potentials.

A

the stronger the stimulus, the earlier in the relative refractory period an action potential will fire. The sooner the neuron fires, the more action potentials you can have in a second

108
Q

What does modality refer to in sensation? Give an example of two different modalities.

A

type of stimulus
senses: touch, taste, smell, temp

109
Q

Greater sensory neuron density leads to ____________________ sensory acuity.

A

greater

110
Q

Intensity in the sensory system is coded by

A

action potential frequency

111
Q

Which adrenergic receptor causes smooth muscle contraction?
O

A

alpha 1

112
Q

Most post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons release
O

A

norepinephrine

113
Q

The primary hormone released by the adrenal medulla is

A

epinephrine

114
Q

β2 adrenergic receptors can be found outside of synapses
O

A

True

115
Q

Some places in the brain do not have a blood-brain-barrier.

A

True

116
Q

Only first order neurons have a receptive field

A

False

117
Q

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems always have some level of activity.
O

A

True

118
Q

The blood-brain-barrier controls the entry of ___________________ into the brain.

A

water-soluble substances

119
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons _______________________ post-ganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system.
O

A

stimulate

120
Q

The blood-brain-barrier is found

A

In the blood vessels throughout the brain

121
Q

Which diencephalic region helps control the autonomic nervous system?
O

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

Which adrenergic receptor has a low affinity for norepinephrine?
O

A

β2

123
Q

Which branch of the nervous system tends to have finer control over individual organ systems?
O

A

parasympathetic nervous system

124
Q

Nociceptors from visceral organs and somatic organs can synapse onto the same second order
neuron.

A

True

125
Q

Mechanoreceptor pathways travel in the

A

Dorsal column of the spinal cord

126
Q

Nociceptor and thermoreceptor pathways travel in the

A

Anterolateral column of the spinal cord

127
Q

The anterior compartment is filled with

A

Aqueous humor

128
Q

The dilator pupillae muscle is controlled by

A

The sympathetic nervous system or circulating epinephrine

129
Q

The sphincter pupillae muscle is controlled by

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

130
Q

In lateral inhibition for touch, interneurons between first order neurons would release

A

GABA

131
Q

A left-side hemisection of the spinal cord (the left half of the spinal cord is cut) in the neck would
lead to the loss of

A

Pain sensation on the right side of the body and touch sensation on the left side of the
body

132
Q

State if each of the following somatic sensations are rapidly adapting or slowly adapting.
a. Light touch
b. Movement across the skin
c. Pressure
d. Vibration

A

rapid
rapid
slow
rapid

133
Q

A reduction in the perception of pain is known as

A

analgesia

134
Q

Capsaicin can activate ___________________ receptors.

A

heat

135
Q

Changes in __________________________________________ open and close ion channels in
thermoreceptors.

A

membrane fluidity

136
Q

Enhanced perception of pain is known as

A

hyperalgesia

137
Q

Menthol can activate _____________________ receptors.

A

cold

138
Q

Pain is detected by ________________________________________ afferents.

A

nociceptor

139
Q

The sensation of our posture, where our limbs are in space, and the angle of our joints is called

A

proprioception

140
Q

Where are the tarsal glands located?

A

in eyelids

141
Q

What nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

facial nerve CN VII

142
Q

What do tarsal glands produce?

A

modified sebum

143
Q

What does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

tears

144
Q

What is the main purpose of the cornea?

A

refract light

145
Q

What is the purpose of the pigmented retina?

A

absorb light that passes through the photoreceptor layer of the retina to give us a sharper image

146
Q

Assuming a sensory pathway has only three neurons in series, where would you find the cell
body for the third order neuron, and where would that neuron project to?

A

found in the thalamus
projects to the cerebral cortex

147
Q

The afferent end of some sensory neurons are wrapped in a connective tissue
capsule/corpuscle. How do these capsules/corpuscles work?

A

a certain type of tension in the capsule will cause the CT in the capsule to pull open nonspecific cation channels in the neuron leading to depolarization and increased firing in the afferent neuron

148
Q

How does drinking ethanol make people feel warm?

A

ethanol inserts into the plasma membrane of cells, making them more fluid, which leads to the opening of nonspecific cation channels on heat thermoreceptors which causes them to fire more action potentials

149
Q

List the stimuli that can activate nociceptive afferents.

A

excessive heat or cold
intense mechanical deformation
chemicals: bradykinin, prostaglandin, histamine, cytokines, neuropeptides

150
Q

What are the three purposes of tears that were mentioned in the videos?

A

kill pathogens
wash away debris
prevent dehydration

151
Q

List the three layer of the eye and what can be found in each layer.

A

fibrous: cornea, sclera
vascular: iris, ciliary body, choroid
nervous: retina

152
Q

What are the two main purposes of the choroid?

A

absorb excess light to give us a clear image
nourish retina

153
Q

Which receptor for acetylcholine is in the iris, on which muscle of the iris do you find this
receptor, and what is the effect of activation of this receptor on the diameter of the pupil?

A

M3 muscarinic - sphincter pupillae
pupil constriction (smaller)

154
Q

Which receptor for catecholamines is in the iris, on which muscle of the iris do you find this
receptor, and what is the effect of activation of this receptor on the diameter of the pupil?

A

alpha 1 adrengeric - dillator pupillae
pupil dilation (larger)

155
Q

Lateral inhibition __________________ sensory acuity.

A

increases

156
Q

The duration of a stimulus can be coded by

A

slow-adapting neurons

157
Q

Endogenous opiods are primarily released in

A

Descending sensory pathways

158
Q

Sensory pathways that do not code for modality would be useless to the brain.

A

False

159
Q

In somatic sensation pathways, ______________ order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the spinal cord or brain.

A

second

160
Q

The somatosensory cortex is in the _________________ lobe.

A

parietal

161
Q

The lacrimal gland is controlled by the

A

parasympatetic nervous system

162
Q

Tears drain into the nose.

A

True

163
Q

The conjunctiva is usually

A

clear

164
Q

The anterior compartment of the eye between the

A

lens and the cornea

165
Q

Lateral inhibition assists in

A

determining location

166
Q

Some sensory pathways do not carry information about modality.

A

True

167
Q

Skin receptors for pressure are

A

slow-adapting

168
Q

Ethanol

A

increases membrane fluidity

169
Q

Hyaluronic acid is found in

A

vitreous humor

170
Q

There are no photoreceptors in the

A

optic disc

171
Q

Humans can only detect a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A

True

172
Q

Wavelengths of light that are ___________ by an object can be detected by our photoreceptors when we look at the object.

A

reflected

173
Q

The most refraction of light occurs when light passes through the

A

cornea

174
Q

The image that focuses on our retina is upside-down and backwards.

A

True

175
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscles in the eye causes the suspensory ligaments to

A

pull less on the lens

176
Q

The ciliary muscle of the eye is primarily innervated by which branch of the nervous system?

A

parasympathetic

177
Q

The stress response leads to enhanced

A

far-vision

178
Q

Which cells in the retina would light hit first?
20sec

A

the ganglion cells

179
Q

The fovea centralis is a pit in the retina.

A

True

180
Q

cones or rods are active in high light conditions.

A

cones

181
Q

When light passes into a slower medium it is bend toward an angle ______________________ to the interface between the media.

A

perpendicular

182
Q

For near vision

A

the ciliary muscles contract and the lens gets fatter

183
Q

Photopigment is found in the ________________________________ of a photoreceptor.

A

outer segment

184
Q

The phosphodiesterase in the photoreceptor that is involved in light signal transduction

A

converts cGMP into GMP

A&P (7 decks)

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