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a&p > A&P 2 > Flashcards

A&P 2 Flashcards

1
Q

movement of charge

A

current

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2
Q

difference in charge between two locaton

A

voltage

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3
Q

chemicals produced when cyclooxgenase enzymes are activated

A

prostaglandins

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4
Q

enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid

A

phospholipase A2

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5
Q

what protein does calcium bind to in order to activate a specific protein kinase

A

calmodulin

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6
Q

organs of CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

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7
Q

two organ systems that are involved in coordinating the functions of cells to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous

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8
Q

2 sources for calcium that can enter the cytosol of cells

A

smooth ER, extracellular fluid

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9
Q

3 components of a synapse

A

presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic density

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10
Q

3 types of synapses based on location of synapse on postsynaptic cell

A

axosomatic, axodendritic, axo-axonic

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11
Q

how does conc of 1st messenger at a receptor decrease over time

A

broken down by enzymes in synapse
diffuses away
receptor-mediated endocytosis by postsynaptic cell

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12
Q

how does phosphorylation of receptors reduce the activity of the signal transduction pathway

A

decrease affinity of receptor for G-protein and 1st messenger

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13
Q

glial cell types

A

oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells

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14
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

CNS forms myelin

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15
Q

astroocyte

A

regulate concs of NT, ions, nutrients in extracellular fluid of brain (CSF)
helps form blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

microglia

A

CNS immune-like cells

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17
Q

ependymal cells

A

regulate production and flow of CSF

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18
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS forms myelinated axons

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19
Q

Gs flow chart

A

1st messenger binds to GPCR
conf change in GPCR
conf change in alpha-sub of G-protein
alpha-sub loses affinity for GDP
GDP dissociates from alpha-sub
conf change in alpha-sub
alpha-sub loses affinity for beta/gamma sub and GPCR
dissociates
alpha-sub binds to AC
conf change in AC
activates AC
AC converts ATP to cAMP
increase cAMP in cytosol
cAMP binds to PKA
conf change in PKA
activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates proteins

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20
Q

Gi flow chart

A

1st messenger binds to GPCR
conf change in GPCR
conf change in alpha-sub of G-protein
alpha-sub loses affinity for GDP
GDP dissociates from alpha-sub
conf change in alpha-sub
alpha-sub loses affinity for beta/gamma sub and GPCR
dissociates
alpha-sub binds to AC
conf change in AC
inactivates AC
AC doesn’t convert ATP to cAMP
decrease cAMP in cytosol
cAMP doesn’t binds to PKA
doesn’t activates PKA
PKA doesn’t phosphorylates proteins

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21
Q

Pathway phospholipase A2

A

membrane phospholipids uses phospholipase A2 to free arachidonic acid
—–>cyclic endoperoxides —–> prostaglandins and thromboxanes
cyclooxygenase pathway
——>leukotrienes
lipoxygenase pathway

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22
Q

peripheral NS

A

peripheral nerve

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23
Q

cell body

A

nucleus, ER, organelles

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24
Q

dendrites

A

receiving chem signals from other cells

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25
Q

axon

A

collaterals, long process that carries info away from neuron’s cell body

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26
Q

initial segment

A

cell body->axon section
hellock “trigger zone”- action potentials initiated

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27
Q

dendritic spines

A

increase surface area for neuron to receive signals from other neurons

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28
Q

myelin

A

brings to action potential

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29
Q

axon terminals

A

release NT

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30
Q

kinesins

A

anterograde transport, same direction as action potential
Cell body->terminal
forward rxn

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31
Q

dynesins

A

retrograde transport, opp direction as action potential
terminal->cell body
reverse rxn

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32
Q

special transport proteins use ATP to transport protein from cell body->axon terminals

A

kinesins and dyeins

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33
Q

afferent neuron

A

PNS to CNS
sensory receptor to cell body

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34
Q

efferent neuron

A

CNS to PNS
cell body to muscle, gland, neuron

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35
Q

interneurons

A

many
projections within nucleus, carries out integrative functions

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36
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS

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37
Q

nucleus

A

group of neuronal cell bodies inside CNS

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38
Q

nerve

A

group of axons outside CNS

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39
Q

tract

A

group of axons inside CNS

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40
Q

axon terminals

A

form a synapse with another cell

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41
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

synapse onto cell body

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42
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

synapse onto dendrite

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43
Q

ax-axonic synapse

A

synapse onto axon terminal

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44
Q

glial cells

A

provide physical and metabolic support to neurons

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45
Q

second messengers

A

IP3, alpha subunits of G proteins, DAG

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46
Q

Gs and Gi protein-coupled receptors would not both be present in the same cell.

A

False

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47
Q

Neurons usually use _______________ for intracellular communication, and _______________ for intercellular communication.

A

electrical signals, chemical signals

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48
Q

The excess negative change in cells is

A

only along the membrane

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49
Q

What proteins are involved in anterograde transport in axons?

A

kinesins

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50
Q

A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

A

hyperosmotic

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51
Q

A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

A

isotonic

52
Q

What proteins are involved in retrograde transport in axons?

A

dyneins

53
Q

A single neuron can be both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic.

A

True

54
Q

A single neuron may be post-synaptic to thousands of pre-synaptic neurons.

A

True

55
Q

Potassium’s equilibrium potential is

A

negative

56
Q

Sodium’s equilibrium potential is

A

positive

57
Q

Only an extremely small percentage of the K+ in the cell has to leak out to cause a 80 mV change in membrane potential

A

True

58
Q

Which ion is more permeable at rest?
calcium
potassium
sodium

A

potassium

59
Q

_______________ have equilibrium potentials.

A

ions

60
Q

Assuming the membrane is only permeable to sodium and potassium, at the resting membrane potential, the flux of sodium into the cell equals the flux of potassium out of the cell.

A

True

61
Q

If you have two chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane that is only permeable to potassium, and you put 10 mM of potassium chloride in one chamber, and 1 mM of potassium chloride and 9 mM of sodium chloride in the other chamber, potassium will flux across the membrane until the concentration of potassium is the same on both sides.

A

False

62
Q

What protein uses the most ATP in the brain

A

sodium potassium pump

63
Q

Increasing the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

64
Q

Increasing the intracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to

A

hyperpolarize

65
Q

Decreasing the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to

A

hyperpolarize

66
Q

Decreasing the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride would cause the cell to

A

depolarize

67
Q

Increasing a cell’s permeability to sodium will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

68
Q

Decreasing a cell’s permeability to potassium will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

69
Q

If there are no active transport mechanisms for chloride in a cell, the concentration of chloride will be

A

higher outside the cell

70
Q

If you increase the sodium permeability, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

71
Q

If you increase the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

72
Q

If you increase the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

73
Q

Depolarization ______________ the driving force for potassium to leave the cell.

A

increases

74
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels are regulated by

A

positive feedback

75
Q

Voltage-gated potassium channels are regulated by

A

negative feedback

76
Q

Axon potentials are decremental.

A

False

77
Q

Graded potentials are all-or-none phenomenon.

A

False

78
Q

Graded potentials can trigger action potentials.

A

True

79
Q

Increasing the intracellular sodium chloride concentration will cause

A

hyperpolarization

80
Q

Increasing sodium permeability will cause

A

depolarization

81
Q

The inactivation gate of the sodium channel ________________ in response to depolarization.

A

closes

82
Q

Which glial cell is involved in regulating brain extracellular fluid potassium concentration?

A

astrocytes

83
Q

During the depolarization phase of the action potential,

A

the sodium channel is open and the potassium channel is closed

84
Q

Graded potentials can happen in

A

cell bodies
dendrites

85
Q

Protein receptors for intercellular messengers have the same four characteristics of protein binding sites (chemical specificity, saturation, affinity, and competition).

A

True

86
Q

The number of protein receptors in the plasma membrane of a cell is very stable over time.

A

False

87
Q

Intercellular messengers that bind to intracellular receptors are

A

lipophilic

88
Q

The JAK protein often phosphorylates what transcription factor as discussed in lecture?

A

STAT

89
Q

What was the general name given in lecture for drugs that can bind to a protein receptor but do not activate signal transduction.

A

antagonist

90
Q

what term means within the cell

A

intracellular

91
Q

what term means between cells

A

intercellular

92
Q

what is the term for what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell

A

signal transduction

93
Q

what is the term for a drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction

A

agonist

94
Q

what receptor signaling pathway involves a cascade of phosphorylations

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

95
Q

what enzyme converts cAMP into AMP, thus inactivating it

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

96
Q

state two type of receptors that are themselves enzymes

A

receptor tyrosine kinase
guanylyl cyclase

97
Q

what are the substrate and products of the reaction catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase

A

GTP to cGMP and 2Pi

98
Q

whats the advantage of having so many steps in the signal transduction pathway of many of the receptors

A

allows for amplification of the response

99
Q

what 2 factors determine driving force for ions

A

electrical gradient
concentration gradient

100
Q

what is the name of the equation that can be used to determine the equilibrium potential for an ion

A

nernst equation

101
Q

flux of ion equation

A

Jion=gion(conductance)(Vm membrane potential - Eqion equil permability)

102
Q

a trivalent cation has an intracellular conc of 0.1mM and extracellular conc of 10mM
equil potential?

A

1/+3 (61.54) log [10]/[0.1]
41.02mV

103
Q

if you decrease the extracellular conc of the above cation, what will happen to equil potential
41.02mV

A

less positive

104
Q

what happens to potassium’s equil potential if you increase the amount of potassium in the cell

A

more negative

105
Q

what happens to sodium’s equil potential if you increase the amount of sodium outside the cell

A

more positive

106
Q

if an anion has a higher conc outside than inside, anion’s equil potential will be

A

negative

107
Q

at resting membrane potential, which ion has greater driving force
sodium or potassium

A

sodium

108
Q

assuming the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium, at resting membrane potential the inward flux of sodium ___ the outward flux of potassium

A

equals

109
Q

if more potassium leaves the cell than sodium enters, assuming those two are the only permeable ions, then membrane potential will be

A

come more negative

110
Q

if the membrane potential becomes mroe negative, what happens to the driving force for sodium

A

increase

111
Q

if the membrane potential becomes mroe negative, what happens to the driving force for potassium

A

decrease

112
Q

if a cell doesn’t regulate chloride concs, then equil potential for chloride equals RMP in that cell

A

true

113
Q

conc of potassium is the same in the CSF and blood

A

false

114
Q

if you increase the potassium permeability, what happens to the membrane potential

A

hyperpolarize

115
Q

if you increase the intracellular conc of sodium chloride what happens to the membrane potential

A

hyperpolarize

116
Q

if you increase the intracellular conc of potassium chloride what happens to the membrane potential

A

hyperpolarize

117
Q

changing the extracellular conc of ____ has a bigger impact on the RMP

A

potassium

118
Q

Na [100mM]o [10mM]i
K [10mM]o [100mM]i
permeable ions: Na and K
same permeability
membrane potential?

A

0mV

119
Q

movement of charge is ____ than diffusion of ions

A

faster

120
Q

when a sodium channel opens in a graded potential, the causes the flux of potassium out of the cell to increase

A

true

121
Q

at RMP voltage-gated K channel is
voltage-gated Na channel is

A

closed
closed

122
Q

during depolarization phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is
voltage-gated Na channel is

A

closed
open

123
Q

during repolarization phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is
voltage-gated Na channel is

A

open
inactivated

124
Q

during hyperpolarization/undershoot phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is
voltage-gated Na channel is

A

open
closed

125
Q

depolarization causes
sodium channel activation gate
sodium channel inactivation gate
potassium channel

A

open
close
open

126
Q

repolarization/hyperpolarization causes
sodium channel activation gate
sodium channel inactivation gate
potassium channel

A

close
open
close

a&p (7 decks)

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