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A&P > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

3 study techniques

A

notecards, practice exams

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2
Q

knowledge is more lasting if learning is

A

effortful and more difficult

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3
Q

anatomy is

A

study of organs

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4
Q

physiology is

A

study of organ functions

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5
Q

levels of organization in body

A

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

cells are

A

smallest unit of life
composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles

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7
Q

types of tissue

A

connective, epithelial, neurons, muscle

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8
Q

cellular differentiation

A

unspecialized cell specialized for a certain purpose

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9
Q

components of extracellular fluid

A

proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, water, nutrients

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10
Q

the organ systems are

A

circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, nervous, musculoskeletal, reproductive, respiratory, urinary

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11
Q

why do larger organisms need organ systems

A

can’t use diffusion to get nutrients and gases
the systems transport nutrients, waste products, gases
specialized cells become resistant to change- homeostasis

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12
Q

control systems to maintain homeostasis

A

negative feedback, positive feedback, feed foreward, resetting the set point

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13
Q

steady state

A

energy used to maintain

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14
Q

equilibrium

A

no energy required

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15
Q

set-point

A

variable kept at

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16
Q

negative feedback

A

opposite forces used to counteract change
ex. insulin to gluose

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17
Q

positive feedback

A

accelerates change
ex. blood clotting, partution

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18
Q

resetting the set-point

A

changes point variable set at

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19
Q

extracellular variables in body must be stable at all times

A

false

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20
Q

reflexes can be feedforward

A

true

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21
Q

organ system that has the smallest role in homeostais

A

reproductive

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22
Q

organ systems that have role in homeostasis

A

digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, urinary

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23
Q

which feedback most common in body

A

negative

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24
Q

cholesterol in plasma membrane tends to ______ membrane fluidity

A

decrease

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25
Q

single protein can bind to many different ligands

A

true

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26
Q

ligand-protein interactions can be covalent

A

false

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27
Q

negative feedback loop

A

afferent pathway efferent pathway
stimulus –> receptor—————————-> integrating center—————-> effector—–>response and back to stimulus

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28
Q

main effector for a reflex

A

muscles and glands

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29
Q

hormone: travel and communication

A

in blood
long distance

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30
Q

neurotransmitter: travel and communication

A

nerves
long distance

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31
Q

paracrine agents: travel and communication

A

acts on nearby cells

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32
Q

autocrine agents: travel and communication

A

blood, long distance
acts on same cell or same type

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33
Q

desmosome has

A

cadherins protein

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34
Q

desmosomes connect

A

cells to each other

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35
Q

cadherins connect to

A

cytosolic proteins
cytoskeleton and to cadherins on adjacent cells

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36
Q

tight junctions

A

acts as permeability barrier

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37
Q

gap junctions

A

pore between cells that lets ions pass through
has connexins protein

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38
Q

hemidesmosome proteins

A

integrin and fibronectin

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39
Q

chemical specificity

A

protein-binding site to specific ligands
determines type of chemical that’s bounded, shape

40
Q

saturation

A

fraction of total binding sites that are occupied at a given time

41
Q

affinity

A

strength of ligand-protein binding

42
Q

competition

A

compete for binding site if more than one ligand can bind

43
Q

cooperativity

A

change in conformation of one subunit of a protein can change the conformation of other subunits of the protein

44
Q

equation for net flux

A

J=PA(Co-Ci)
flux = permeability surface area (conc outside- conc inside)

45
Q

primary use of ATP

A

to phosphorylate proteins

46
Q

how do small, polar chemical species, ions or water, get across plasma membrane

A

polar species can diffuse through using channels

47
Q

how do non-polar molecules, steroid hormones, get across plasma membrane

A

simple diffuse through membrane

48
Q

coenzyme substrates are used how

A

one enzyme uses coenzyme to convert another substrate into a product, in the process of the coenzyme substrate into a product. second enzyme converts coenzyme substrate back into the substrate the first enzyme used

49
Q

factors that determine net flux

A

conc diff, temp, surface area, mass of diffusing substance, solvent solute, membrane nature

50
Q

double enzyme concentration on rxn rate by substrate

A

doubles rxn rate

51
Q

increase affinity for substrate on rate of rxn by substrate conc

A

initial increase, then reaches max

52
Q

3 ways of gating an ion channel

A

ligand, voltage, mechanically

53
Q

what is a ligand-gated ion channel

A

chemical messenger protein conformationally change shape

54
Q

voltage-gated ion channel

A

changes in electrically charge across membrane

55
Q

mechanically-gated ion channel

A

membrane is stretched/less stretched pull on ions channel

56
Q

4 factors determine rate of transport of solutes using facilitated diffusion

A

conc gradient, rate of transport, percent sat, number transporters

57
Q

steps of Na/K pump cycle

A

K dissociates and Na binds to pump
conf change cause pump to autophosphorylate
conf change in pump causes binding sites to face outside of cell and cause protein to lose affinity for Na and gain affinity for K
Na dissociates and K binds to pump
conf change cause pump to dephosphorylate
conf change causes binding sites to face inside cell
conf change also causes protein to lose affinity for K and gain affinity for Na

58
Q

normal osmolarity of body

A

285-295 mOsm

59
Q

exocytosis

A

moving substance out of cell by fusing a vesicle containing the substance with the plasma membrane

60
Q

endocytosis

A

invagination of plasma membrane

61
Q

fluid-endocytosis

A

non specific of anything dissolved in extracellular fluid

62
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated

63
Q

phagocytosis

A

eating cells
take debris, bacteria, pathogens

64
Q

receptor-mediated

A

bring in specific large molecules into cell
most specific

65
Q

why are epithelial cells are polar

A

have diff proteins in apical compared to basolateral membrane

66
Q

intracellular

A

within the cell

67
Q

intercellular

A

between cells

68
Q

signal transduction

A

what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell

69
Q

agonist

A

drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction

70
Q

antagonist

A

inhibit receptors, signal transduction, wrong conf change

71
Q

receptor signaling pathway that that involves a cascade of phosphorylations

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

72
Q

enzyme that converts cAMP into AMP, inactivating it

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

73
Q

2 receptors that are themselves enzymes

A

receptor tyrosine kinase
guanylyl cyclase receptor

74
Q

substrate and products catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase

A

GTP to cGMP and 2Pi

75
Q

advantage of having so many steps in signal transduction pathway

A

allows for amplification of the response

76
Q

Gs protein-coupled receptor

A

1st messenger binds to G protein coupled receptor GPCR
conf change in GPCR
conf change in alpha subunit of g-protein
alpha sub loses affinity for GDP
GDP dissociates from alpha sub
conf change in alpha sub
alpha sub loses affinity for beta/gamma sub and GPCR
dissociates
alpha sub binds to adenylyl cyclase
conf change in AC
activates AC
AC converts ATP to cAMP
increase cAMP in cytosol
cAMP binds to protein kinase A
conf change in PKA
activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates proteins

77
Q

Most intercellular messengers bind to

A

membrane-bound receptors

78
Q

Intracellular receptors are transcription factors.

A

False

79
Q

Ion channel receptors are

A

ligand-gated ion channels

80
Q

What effect does the alpha subunit of the Gi protein have on adenylyl cyclase?

A

decrease its activity

81
Q

There are no active transport mechanisms for water.

A

True

82
Q

Water moves from areas of

A

low osmolarity to high osmolarity

83
Q

If a cell swells, it is in

A

a hypotonic solution

84
Q

The higher the osmotic pressure, the

A

higher the solute concentration

85
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is in __________ membrane of epithelial cells.

A

the basolateral

86
Q

If a cell crenates, it is in

A

a hypertonic solution

87
Q

If the volume of the cell does not change, the cell is in

A

an isotonic solution

88
Q

There is a maximum rate of flux of solutes using a transporter.

A

True

89
Q

Substances are usually actively transported across both the apical and basolateral membrane across an epithelial layer.

A

False

90
Q

What ion is most commonly used in secondary active transport to move another chemical against its concentration gradient

A

sodium

91
Q

Other than sodium and potassium, what two other ions are primarily regulated by pumps?

A

calcium
hydrogen

92
Q

At diffusion equilibrium, all diffusion stops.

A

False

93
Q

At absolute zero, there would be no diffusion.

A

True

94
Q

Which causes a bigger conformational change in a protein?

A

Covalent modulation

95
Q

The net flux of a permeable solute across a membrane is constant until diffusion equilibrium is reached.

A

False

96
Q

The charge inside a resting cell is ____________ compared to the outside of the cell.

A

Negative

A&P (7 decks)

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