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A&P 2 Lab > **A&P 2 Unit 24 (Lab) [Urinary System] > Flashcards

**A&P 2 Unit 24 (Lab) [Urinary System] Flashcards

1
Q

List the organs of the urinary system. Which are paired? Which are single?

A
  • 2 Kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Which organ produces the urine?

A

The Kidneys

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3
Q

Which organ conveys the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

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4
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Urine Reservior

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5
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carry the urine out of the body.

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6
Q

If blood pH is becoming too acidic, which ion will the kidneys excrete more of into the urine?

A

H+

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7
Q

What hormone is secreted from the kidneys? Whats its function?

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • Regulates blood cell formation
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8
Q

When do the kidneys conduct gluconeogenesis?

A

During times of starvation

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9
Q

Which body wall do the kidneys lie against?

A

Posterior body wall, posterior to the peritoneal membrane

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10
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Posterior to the peritoneal membrane

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11
Q

What tissue forms the thickest connective tissue surrounding the kidneys?

A

A middle layer of adipose tissue

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12
Q

What is the thin fibrous covering of a kidney called?

A

Renal Capsule

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13
Q

Name both the outer region & the middle region of a kidney.

A
  • Outer​
    • Renal Cortex
  • Middle
    • Renal Medulla
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14
Q

What are the triangular areas of the renal medulla called?

A

Renal or Medullary Pyramids

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15
Q

Where are the renal columns located, & what region extends inward to form the columns?

A

Inward extensions of the renal cortex in between the pryramids.

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16
Q

What is the function of a nephron?

A

To regulate the concentration of water & soluble substances like sodium salts, by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed & excreting the rest as urine.

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17
Q

What structures give the renal pyramids a striated appearance (without a microscope)?

A

Looping tubules of the nephron as well as structures that drain fluid from the nephron.

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18
Q

The inner region of a kidney collects the urine draining from renal pyraminds. Place these 3 areas in order of urine flow: Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Minor Calyx.

A
  1. Minor Calyx
  2. Major Calyx
  3. Renal Pelvis
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19
Q

What tube (outside the kidney) does urine enter after draining from the renal pelvis?

A

Ureter

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20
Q

Name the single vessel that supplies a kidney with its blood. What major abdominal artery does this vessel branch from?

A
  • Renal Artery
  • Descending Aorta
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21
Q

Name the single vessel that receives blood draining from the kidney. What major abdominal vein does this vessel attach to?

A
  • Renal Vein
  • Inferior Vena Cava
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22
Q

How is the wall of a fenestrated capillary different from the wall of a continuous capillary?

A

More leaky in fenestrated

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23
Q

In other parts of the body, what type of blood vessel drains a capillary network? In contrast, what type of blood vessel drains the glomerulus?

A
  • Venules
  • Efferent Arterioles
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24
Q

Name the two capillary networks associated with any one nephron.

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Vasa recta/peritubular capillaries
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25
Q

While the glomerulus is fenestrated, the peritubular capillaries are continuous capillaries. Which of these capillaries is the site of blood filtration? Why are they better suited for filtration?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • The fenestrated capillaries are more leaky.
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26
Q

During filtration, water & small solutes are forced from the glomerulus into a space. Name this space, & name the capsule that encloses both the glomerulus & the space.

A
  • Capsular Space
  • Glomerular Capsule
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27
Q

Compare the parietal & visceral layers of the glomerular capsule.

A
  • Parietal
    • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Visceral
    • Consists of cells called podocytes that surround the capillaries of the glomerulus
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28
Q

Podocytes

A
  • Surround the capillaries of the glomerulus
  • They keep certain things from passing through the capillaries.
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29
Q

The fluid & solutes that are filtered from the blood must pass through the filtration membrane. List the 3 layers of the filtration membrane, in order of fluid/solute flow.

A
  1. Fenestrations
    1. Pores in endothelial cells of glomerulus
  2. Basement membrane
    1. Extracellular material between glomerulus and podocytes
  3. Filtration slits
    1. Located between pedicels of podocytes
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30
Q

Name the fluid found in the capsular space.

A

Filtrate

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31
Q

Name the 3 parts of the renal tubule, in order of fluid flow.

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Ascending & Descending Limbs of the Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
32
Q

Name the epithelium lining the ureters & the urinary bladder.

A

Transitional Epithelium & Smooth Muscle

33
Q

What unique feature of transitional epithelium makes it well-suited for its locations?

A

They can change shape to accommodate stretching.

34
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle along the ureters?

A

Massages the urine inferiorly via peristalsis

35
Q

Detrusor Muscle

A

Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder

36
Q

Rugae

A

Folds that allow expansion of the urinary bladder

37
Q

Trigone

A

Triangular-shaped area, contains the opening called the Internal Urethral Orifice

38
Q

Internal Urethral Orifice

A

Opens to the urethra

39
Q

Name the 2 sphincters controlling urine flow through the urethra. Which is voluntary & made of skeletal muscle? Which is involuntary & made of smooth muscle? Which does a baby learn to control during “potty-training”?

A
  • External Urethral Sphincter
    • Voluntary
  • Internal Urethral Sphincter
    • Involuntary
  • External Urethral Sphincter for “Potty-training”
40
Q

Micturition

A

Urine expulsion from the body

41
Q

Glycosuria

A

Glucose in urine

42
Q

Glycosuria (Diseases)

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Excessive Dietary Sugar
43
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine

44
Q

Proteinuria (Disease)

A
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • High-Protein Diet
  • Chronic Hypertension
45
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones in urine

46
Q

Ketonuria (Diseases)

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • High-Fat Diet
  • Starvation
47
Q

Low pH (Diseases)

A
  • Acidosis (Metabolic or Respiratory)
  • High-Fat Diet
  • Starvation
48
Q

High pH (Diseases)

A
  • Alkalosis (Metabolic or Respiratory)
  • Severe Vomiting
49
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Low specific gravity

50
Q

Hyposthenuria (Diseases)

A
  • Overhydration
  • Diabetes Insipidus (Not related to diabetes mellitus)
    • In this diseases, kidneys cannot produce a concentrated urine
    • Due to decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or a resistance to the effects of ADH
51
Q

Normal Urine pH

A

4.6-8.0

52
Q

Normal Urine Specific Gravity

A

1.005-1.030

53
Q
A

Renal Medulla

54
Q
A

Renal Cortex

55
Q
A

Renal Column

56
Q
A

Renal Pyramid

57
Q
A

Renal Capsule

58
Q
A

Minor Calyx

59
Q
A

Renal Pelvis

60
Q
A

Renal Artery

61
Q
A

Renal Vein

62
Q
A

Major Calyx

63
Q
A

Ureter

64
Q
A

Pertubular Capilaries

65
Q
A

Glomerular Capsule

66
Q
A

Afferent Arteriole

67
Q
A

Glomerulus

68
Q
A

Efferent Arteriole

69
Q
A

Proximal Tubule

70
Q
A

Distal Tubule

71
Q
A

Collecting Duct

72
Q
A

Nephron Loop

73
Q

Filtration

A
  • What? Water and most solutes are removed from blood, producing the filtrate (not urine yet!)
  • Where? Renal corpuscle
74
Q

Reabsorption

A
  • What? Returns water & solutes to blood in peritubular caps.
  • Where? Renal tubule - primarily PCT; also, collecting duct
75
Q

Secretion

A
  • What? Transfer of specific substances from peritubular blood to the tubular fluid
  • Where? Renal tubule and collecting duct
76
Q

Describe why the blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than other capillaries in the body, and why it is an advantage for filtration.

A
  • To push more stuff out.
77
Q

Describe how an abnormally high GFR will lead to glucose and other nutrients in the urine.

A

Pushing too much stuff out?

A&P 2 Lab (13 decks)

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