**A&P 2 Unit 24 (Lab) [Urinary System] Flashcards
List the organs of the urinary system. Which are paired? Which are single?
- 2 Kidneys
- 2 Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
Which organ produces the urine?
The Kidneys
Which organ conveys the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
Urine Reservior
What is the function of the urethra?
Carry the urine out of the body.
If blood pH is becoming too acidic, which ion will the kidneys excrete more of into the urine?
H+
What hormone is secreted from the kidneys? Whats its function?
- Erythropoietin
- Regulates blood cell formation
When do the kidneys conduct gluconeogenesis?
During times of starvation
Which body wall do the kidneys lie against?
Posterior body wall, posterior to the peritoneal membrane
Retroperitoneal
Posterior to the peritoneal membrane
What tissue forms the thickest connective tissue surrounding the kidneys?
A middle layer of adipose tissue
What is the thin fibrous covering of a kidney called?
Renal Capsule
Name both the outer region & the middle region of a kidney.
-
Outer
- Renal Cortex
-
Middle
- Renal Medulla
What are the triangular areas of the renal medulla called?
Renal or Medullary Pyramids
Where are the renal columns located, & what region extends inward to form the columns?
Inward extensions of the renal cortex in between the pryramids.
What is the function of a nephron?
To regulate the concentration of water & soluble substances like sodium salts, by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed & excreting the rest as urine.
What structures give the renal pyramids a striated appearance (without a microscope)?
Looping tubules of the nephron as well as structures that drain fluid from the nephron.
The inner region of a kidney collects the urine draining from renal pyraminds. Place these 3 areas in order of urine flow: Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Minor Calyx.
- Minor Calyx
- Major Calyx
- Renal Pelvis
What tube (outside the kidney) does urine enter after draining from the renal pelvis?
Ureter
Name the single vessel that supplies a kidney with its blood. What major abdominal artery does this vessel branch from?
- Renal Artery
- Descending Aorta
Name the single vessel that receives blood draining from the kidney. What major abdominal vein does this vessel attach to?
- Renal Vein
- Inferior Vena Cava
How is the wall of a fenestrated capillary different from the wall of a continuous capillary?
More leaky in fenestrated
In other parts of the body, what type of blood vessel drains a capillary network? In contrast, what type of blood vessel drains the glomerulus?
- Venules
- Efferent Arterioles
Name the two capillary networks associated with any one nephron.
- Glomerulus
- Vasa recta/peritubular capillaries
While the glomerulus is fenestrated, the peritubular capillaries are continuous capillaries. Which of these capillaries is the site of blood filtration? Why are they better suited for filtration?
- Glomerulus
- The fenestrated capillaries are more leaky.
During filtration, water & small solutes are forced from the glomerulus into a space. Name this space, & name the capsule that encloses both the glomerulus & the space.
- Capsular Space
- Glomerular Capsule
Compare the parietal & visceral layers of the glomerular capsule.
-
Parietal
- Simple squamous epithelium
-
Visceral
- Consists of cells called podocytes that surround the capillaries of the glomerulus
Podocytes
- Surround the capillaries of the glomerulus
- They keep certain things from passing through the capillaries.
The fluid & solutes that are filtered from the blood must pass through the filtration membrane. List the 3 layers of the filtration membrane, in order of fluid/solute flow.
-
Fenestrations
- Pores in endothelial cells of glomerulus
-
Basement membrane
- Extracellular material between glomerulus and podocytes
-
Filtration slits
- Located between pedicels of podocytes
Name the fluid found in the capsular space.
Filtrate
Name the 3 parts of the renal tubule, in order of fluid flow.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Ascending & Descending Limbs of the Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Name the epithelium lining the ureters & the urinary bladder.
Transitional Epithelium & Smooth Muscle
What unique feature of transitional epithelium makes it well-suited for its locations?
They can change shape to accommodate stretching.
What is the function of the smooth muscle along the ureters?
Massages the urine inferiorly via peristalsis
Detrusor Muscle
Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder
Rugae
Folds that allow expansion of the urinary bladder
Trigone
Triangular-shaped area, contains the opening called the Internal Urethral Orifice
Internal Urethral Orifice
Opens to the urethra
Name the 2 sphincters controlling urine flow through the urethra. Which is voluntary & made of skeletal muscle? Which is involuntary & made of smooth muscle? Which does a baby learn to control during “potty-training”?
- External Urethral Sphincter
- Voluntary
- Internal Urethral Sphincter
- Involuntary
- External Urethral Sphincter for “Potty-training”
Micturition
Urine expulsion from the body
Glycosuria
Glucose in urine
Glycosuria (Diseases)
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Excessive Dietary Sugar
Proteinuria
Protein in urine
Proteinuria (Disease)
- Glomerulonephritis
- High-Protein Diet
- Chronic Hypertension
Ketonuria
Ketones in urine
Ketonuria (Diseases)
- Diabetes Mellitus
- High-Fat Diet
- Starvation
Low pH (Diseases)
- Acidosis (Metabolic or Respiratory)
- High-Fat Diet
- Starvation
High pH (Diseases)
- Alkalosis (Metabolic or Respiratory)
- Severe Vomiting
Hyposthenuria
Low specific gravity
Hyposthenuria (Diseases)
- Overhydration
- Diabetes Insipidus (Not related to diabetes mellitus)
- In this diseases, kidneys cannot produce a concentrated urine
- Due to decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or a resistance to the effects of ADH
Normal Urine pH
4.6-8.0
Normal Urine Specific Gravity
1.005-1.030
Renal Medulla
Renal Cortex
Renal Column
Renal Pyramid
Renal Capsule
Minor Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Major Calyx
Ureter
Pertubular Capilaries
Glomerular Capsule
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Proximal Tubule
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Nephron Loop
Filtration
- What? Water and most solutes are removed from blood, producing the filtrate (not urine yet!)
- Where? Renal corpuscle
Reabsorption
- What? Returns water & solutes to blood in peritubular caps.
- Where? Renal tubule - primarily PCT; also, collecting duct
Secretion
- What? Transfer of specific substances from peritubular blood to the tubular fluid
- Where? Renal tubule and collecting duct
Describe why the blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than other capillaries in the body, and why it is an advantage for filtration.
- To push more stuff out.
Describe how an abnormally high GFR will lead to glucose and other nutrients in the urine.
Pushing too much stuff out?
