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A&P 2 Lab > **A&P 2 Unit 23 (Lab) [Digestive System] > Flashcards

**A&P 2 Unit 23 (Lab) [Digestive System] Flashcards

1
Q

2 Components of the Digestive System

A
  • Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal)
  • Accessory Organs
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2
Q

How does undigested food leave the system?

A

As feces.

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3
Q

4 Main Layers of the Digestive Tract (From Inside to Outside)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa (Visceral Peritoneum)
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4
Q
A

Mucosa

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5
Q
A

Submucosa

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6
Q
A

Muscularis Externa

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7
Q
A

Serosa

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8
Q

3 Layers of the Mucosa (From Inside to Outside)

A
  1. A **Simple Columnar Epithelium **densely populated with goblet cells.
  2. A Lamina Propria Connective Tissue Layer containing blood & lymphatic vessels
  3. A Smooth Muscle Sheet called the Muscularis Mucosa
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9
Q

Mucosal Epithelium (Functions)

A
  • Secretion of digestive substances
  • Absorption of nutrients
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10
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Secrete mucus (a hydrated mucin protein), while other mucosal epitheial cells secrete digestive fluids & other substances such as water & salts

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11
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells of the Mucosa

A

Secrete hormones into the blood.

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12
Q

Absorption of Nutrients

A

Occurs through the mucosal epithelium & into either Capillaries (Most Nutrients) or Lacteal Lymphatic Vessels (Fats)

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13
Q

The mucosal epithelial cells are mitotically active…

A

…thus the epithelium is replaced approximately every 3 to 6 days

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14
Q

Double-Layered Muscularia Mucosa (Functions)

A
  • To aid in digestion
  • Absorption by moving the mucosal villi in the small intestine
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15
Q

The muscularis mucosa has both…

A
  • Inner Circular & Outer Longitudial Fibers that function in moving the villi to aid in digestion & absorption.
  • The fibers in the two layers are arranged at right angles to each other
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16
Q

Blood & lymph vessels as well as an intrinsic network of neurons (the _________) are located in the _______.

A
  • Submucosal Plexus
  • Submusoca
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17
Q

The Two Types of Movements Produced by Contractions of the Muscularis Externa

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Segmentation
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18
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave-like contraction moving along the wall (Moving)

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19
Q

Segmentation

A

Alternate areas contract & relax (Mixing)

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20
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A
  • Network of neurons in the muscularis externa
  • It is in close communication with the submucosal plexus, and together, the two plexuses comprise the enteric nervous system.
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21
Q

The Outermost Layer of the Digestive Tract Wall

A

Serous fluiding-producing Serosa which both lubricates & reduces friction of the digestive tract within the ventral body cavity.

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22
Q

Ingestion occurs in the _____

A

Mouth

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23
Q

The Mouth

A

With its Stratified Squamous Epithelium, is involved in both Chemical & Mechanical Digestion

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24
Q

Bolus

A

A mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing.

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25
Q

Transition in the esophagus wall

A

Striated (skeletal) to smooth muscle

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26
Q

Stomach (Functions)

A
  • Chemical (Mostly proteins) Digestion
  • Mechanical Digestion
  • Storage of Food
27
Q

4 Specialized Areas of the Stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric (w/antrum)
28
Q

3 Sheets of Muscle in the stomach’s Muscularis Externa

A
  1. Circular
  2. Longitudinal
  3. Oblique
29
Q

Rugae

A

The stomach can expand greatly because of internal folds called rugae

30
Q
A

Longitudinal Layer

31
Q
A

Circular Layer

32
Q
A

Oblique Layer

33
Q

Chyme

A
  • Once food is moxed with gastric juices in the stomach it is called chyme
  • Which is then moved from the pylorus to the duodenum of the small intestine.
34
Q

The majority of chemical digestion & virtually all-nutrient absorption occur in…

A

The Small Intestines

35
Q

3 Regions of the Small Intestines

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
36
Q

3 Modifications of the Inner Wall of the Small Intestine (& Functions) [From Macroscopic to Microscopic]

A
  1. Plicae Circularis (Circular folds)
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli

Function to increase surface area of small intestine

37
Q

The Intestines aid the body in its defense against pathogens by secreting…

A

…Antibacterial enzymes & antibodies (immunoglobulins) & by providing specialized sites in the ileum (lymphoid nodules called Peyer’s Patches) where leukocytes can fight pathogens

38
Q

The large intestine absorbs…

A
  1. Water
  2. Salt
  3. Vitamins K & B
39
Q

5 Parts of Large Intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal Canal
40
Q
A

Appendix

41
Q
A

Cecum

42
Q
A

Ascending Colon

43
Q
A

Transverse Colon

44
Q
A

Descending Colon

45
Q
A

Sigmoid Colon

46
Q
A

Rectum

47
Q
A

Anal Canal

48
Q

Taeniae Coli

A

Three bands of smooth muscle that cause the outer portion of the colon to be puckered into pockets called haustra.

49
Q

Epiploic Appendages

A

Fat storage areas located on the outside of the colon

50
Q

Brush Border

A

Formed by the microvilli of the small intestine’s epithelial cells

51
Q

Anal Lining

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

52
Q

Feces Composition

A

Indigestible food, bacteria, inorganic substances, and sloughed off epithelial cells from the digestive tract wall.

53
Q

Sphincters (Functions)

A

Regulate the passage of food from one region of the digestive tract to the next and finally, out of the body as feces.

54
Q

7 Sphincters of the Digestive Tract

A
  • Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
  • Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
  • Pyloric Sphincter
  • Ileocecal Sphincter or Valve
  • Internal Anal Sphincter (IAS)
  • External Anal Sphincter (EAS)
55
Q

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

A
  • Circular Skeletal Muscle
  • Prevents air from entering the esophagus
56
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

A
  • Physiological Sphincter
  • Prevents acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus
57
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A
  • Circular Smooth Muscle
  • Regulates passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
58
Q

Ileocecal Sphincter or Valve

A
  • Circular Smooth Muscle
  • Regulates passage of chyme from the ileum to the large intestine
59
Q

Internal Anal Sphincter (IAS)

A
  • Circular Smooth Muscle
  • Under involuntary control
  • When relaxed, it produces the urge to defecate
60
Q

External Anal Sphincter (EAS)

A
  • Circular Skeletal Muscle
  • Under voluntary control
  • When relaxed, it allows for defecation
61
Q

3 Accessory Glands

A
  1. Salivary Glands (3 Pairs)
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
62
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • Moisten food
  • Cleanse & protect the mouth
  • Produce amylase to begin enzymatic digestion of starch
63
Q

Liver

A
  • Produces bile, which emulsifies fats to increase their surface area for subsequent chemical digestion by lipases
  • Bile is stored in & released from the gall bladder into the duodenum
64
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Main digestive enzyme-producing exocrine organ in the body
  • It releases a host of digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
  • It also produces bicarbonate to neutralize the chyme from the stomach

A&P 2 Lab (13 decks)

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